Unit 2 exam 3 enzymes, photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Enzymes

Metabolism is all the biochemical reactions in the body and involve the following processes :

a. Anabolic :: synthesis, build small to large molecules

b. Catabolic :: degrade, breakdown from large to small molecules

The energy created by our bodies by metabolism (conversion of food materials in the body) is considerable.

  1. Enzymes
  2. Energy = Ability to do work
    Types of Energy: Electromagnetic, Light, Heat, Kinetic Energy, Potential energy, Chemical Bond energy
  3. Activation Energy
  4. Energy Required to Start a Reaction
  5. Example:
  6. Match used to start a fire (Activation energy)
  7. Fire with heat & light (Energy Release Process)
  8. Enzymes lower the required energy of activation
  9. Enzymes - Organic Catalysts
  10. Catalysts = Speeds up a reaction but is NOT used up
  11. Proteins with cofactors (vitamins, electrolytes)
  12. Enzyme reacts with a Specific Substrate (Lock & Key mechanism)
  13. Enzyme Substrate Complex
  14. Activation Energy Lowered
  15. Bonds Changed
  16. E + S => ES => E + P
    Enzyme + Substrate = EnzymeSubstrate Complex = Enzyme + Products
  17. Factors That Affect Enzyme Controlled Reactions
  18. Heat: Optimum temperature for each enzyme
  19. Enzymes in the human body, optimum 37oC
  20. Too Much Heat
  21. Denatures Protein, Permanently changes enzyme structure
  22. Active site changed, Will NOT work "killed!!!!"
  23. Acid Base Balance (pH)
  24. Optimum pH required for different enzymes
  25. Pepsin pH 2.5- 3 (stomach)
  26. Amylase pH 6.5 - 7.2 (mouth)
  27. Trypsin pH 7.8 - 8.6 (small intestine)
  28. Concentrations of Substrate and Enzymes
  29. Metabolism Sum of All the Chemical Reactions in the Body (Cells)
  30. Metabolism Mediated by Enzymes and Cofactors
  31. Energy of Activation Required to start (Above)
  32. Metabolism Releases Energy (entropy) to the environment
  33. Heat (from entropy) dissipated by thermoregulatory processes
  34. [Evaporation from the skin , radiation, conduction, convection]
  35. Enzymes Control each step or transformation of metabolism
  36. Structure of Enzymes specified by Genetic code
  37. Biochemical Pathways of Metabolism
  38. Energy and Metabolism
  39. Energy for Living Cells in molecule of ATP
  40. Produced by ADP + Pi + energy => ATP
  41. Chemical Bond energy released during Respiration = produces ATP
  42. Light energy captured for use in Photosynthesis = produces ATP
  43. Energy Release Processes Coupled with Energy Requiring Processes
    synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, other cell activities
  44. Respiration
    Breakdown of molecules ( glucose) to release Energy for cell use, uses Oxygen
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36ATP)
    Three basic processes in the cell, below

Glycolysis - Cytoplasm

  1. IN = Glucose (6C) + 2 ATP (Activation Energy)
  2. OUT = 4 ATP (Net gain 2), 2 pyruvic acid to Kreb Cycle, Hydrogens to ETS (Electron Transport System)

Kreb Cycle - Mitochondria

  1. IN = Pyruvic acid
  2. OUT = 1 ATP, 3 CO2, Hydrogens to ETS (Electron Transport System)

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport System, ETS)-Mitochondria

  1. IN = High Energy Hydrogen (FADH2, NADH2) + Oxygen (O2)
  2. OUT = 3 ATP (2 ATP, FADH2), Water (H2O) low energy hydrogen plus oxygen
  1. Anerobic Metabolism
    Breakdown of molecules ( glucose) to release Energy for cell use, NO Oxygen present
    C6H12O6 => Lactic Acid + Energy (2ATP)
  2. NO OXYGEN ETS is blocked
  3. NO OXYGEN Kreb Cycle blocked , hydrogens have no place to go.
  4. Glycolysis OK, but modified
  5. Must keep Hydrogens
  6. Pyruvic acid + 2 hydrogens => Lactic acid
  7. Lactic acid goes to the liver to be converted
  8. only 2 ATP molecules produced for cell activities
  1. Photosynthesis - Chloroplasts 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis Summary Table - Just the topics you are responsible for

  1. Leaves
  2. Leaf Structure (Flattened blade)
  3. Leaves are organs of photosynthesis in plants
  4. Petiole - a stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the plant stem
  5. Leaf veins are Vascular Tissue
  6. Net pattern in dicot leaves, Parallel pattern in monocot leaves.
  7. Epidermis
  8. Layer of cells that cover the top and bottom of a leaf. Protective hairs or glands (produce irritating substances).
  9. Covered by a waxy cuticle Prevents drying out.
  10. Lower epidermis, with Stomates (mouth!) & Guard Cells
  11. Allow gases CO2 & O2to move into and out of leaf.
  12. Mesophyll - contain Chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis, below)
  13. Inner layers of a leaf
  14. Palisade Layer of elongated parenchyma cells with many chloroplasts.
  15. Spongy LayerLoosely packed cells that increase surface area for gas exchange.
  1. Chloroplast
  2. Stacks of internal membranes (Thylakoid) with pigments
  3. Pigments: Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, carotinoids
  4. Function: Photosynthesis, Energy from sunlight converted into chemical energy (Glucose & organic molecules) trap light energy
  5. Engleman's Experiment
  6. Light Absorption by Spyrogyra(Chlorophyll)
  7. Algae used Blue & Red light
  8. Reflected Green Light
  9. Why are there different pigments (more than 1 type)?
  10. Photosynthesis Reactions

Light Reaction
  1. Light Energy Absorbed by chlorophyll
  2. Water split & Oxygen released
  3. High Energy Hydrogen produced (NADPH + H)
  4. ATP produced [chemical energy for the cell]
/ Dark Reaction
  1. High Energy Hydrogen (NADPH + H)and ATP used
  2. Carbon Dioxide used 6CO2
  3. Produces Sugar and all Organic Molecules (Hydrocarbon biosynthesis)