Unit 2 Energy and Matter
Standard 1: Students apply the processes of scientific investigation and design, conduct, communicate about, and evaluate such investigations.
Standard 2: Students know and understand common properties, forms, and changes in matter and energy.
1. Elements can be organized by their physical and chemical properties (Periodic Table)
4. Word and chemical equations are used to relate observed changes in matter to its composition and structure
Standard 3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and their environment.
1. There is a relationship between the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
2. There is a purpose of synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules in an organism
3. Energy is used in the maintenance, repair, growth, and production of tissues
8. Certain properties of water sustain life (for example: polarity, cohesion, solubility)
Standard 5: Students understand that the nature of science involves a particular way of building knowledge and making meaning of the natural world.
Key Concepts:
Atomic Structure Elements in Living Things Molecules and Chemical Bonds
Carbon Chemistry Properties of Water Macromolecule Structure & Functions
Nutrients in Food Enzyme structure Factors that affect Enzyme activity
Chloroplast Structure Photosynthesis Reactions Mitochondrion Structure
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Relationship
Essential Questions:
1. What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules?
2. Why is water such a unique compound?
3. What are the functions of the four groups of macromolecules?
4. How does one know that enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
5. How are rates of enzyme activity in cells affected by various factors such as pH or temperature?
6. How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun?
7. What variables can be manipulated to change the rate of photosynthesis?
8. What variables affect the rate of cell respiration?
9. How does body heat relate to cellular respiration?
10. How is ATP involved in many chemical reactions in the cell?
11. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What I Need to Know/Be able to do:
Diagram the structure of an atom.
Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements-C,H,N,O,P,S.
Describe how chemical bonds form to make molecules.
Given a biologic scenario, identify the property of water that allows that to occur.
Relate the polarity of water to its other properties.
Describe the role of carbon in living
organisms.
Summarize the four major families of biological macromolecules; including their structure and function.
Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature that have an effect on enzymes.
Describe how ATP works in a cell.
Identify the role of electron carriers.
Diagram the structure of the chloroplast and mitochondrion.
Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Describe the reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Compare lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.
Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms.
Vocabulary
Terms / definitions / Memory clueWeek 1
Atom / The smallest unit of matter that can enter into chemical reactions
smallest unit of an element
Nucleus / Part 1 of an atom, contains subatomic protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge).
Proton / (+ charge)- located in the nucleus
Neutron / neutrons (no associated charge)
Electron / Part 2 of an atom, contains subatomic protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge).
Element / consist of only one kind of atom and cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
There are 92 naturally occurring kinds of atoms or elements -- differ from one another by having different number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and different numbers of electrons revolving around the nucleus
Chemical bond / a force resulting from the redistribution of energy contained by orbiting electrons, which tends to bind atoms together to form molecules
Ionic bond / a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.. between to atoms where one takes another atom’s electron(s)
Covalent bond / a bond between two or more atoms that is provided by electrons that travel between the atoms nuclei, holding them together but keeping them a stable distance apart. sharing electrons between two or more atoms between two atoms when they share electrons
Hydrogen bond / hydrogen bond is a weak type of chemical bond that is common in organisms. It is temporary and occurs between to close hydrogen atoms
Week 2 / Week 2 / Week 2
atomic number / the number of protons in the nucleus
mass number / the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
pH / The amount of ionized hydrogen from water in a solution can be measured as pH
Acidic / any substance that dissociates in water and increases the [H+].
acidic solutions have pH values below pH of 7
Basic / any substance that combines with [H+] when dissolved in water
basic solutions have pH values above pH of 7
Molecule / A molecule is a group of atoms held together by energy in the form of a chemical bond
Compounds / A molecule made up of more than one element
Cohesion / Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds. Why insects can walk on water
Adhesion / Water molecules stick to other molecules
Surface tension / Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave as an elastic sheet. It allows insects, such as the water strider (pond skater, UK), to walk on water too. It allows small objects, even metal ones such as needles, razor blades, or foil fragments, to float on the surface of water, and it is the cause of capillary action
Week 3
Polar covalent bonds / form when the shared electrons of a covalent bond spend more time in the vicinity of a particular atoms
Capillary action / Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity. Water molecule pulls water molecule
Macromolecule / A large complex molecule, such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, with relatively large molecular weight
Monomer / Similar smaller components of macromolecules, eg amino acids, sugars, fatty acids
Protein / A complex polymer of amino acids that builds and repairs cells. Made up of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Peptide bond / A covalent bond that joins amino acids
Polypeptide / A chain of many amino acids
Amino acid / The subunit, monomer, making up proteins
Has an amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
Carbohydrate / Organic compound containing C, H and O main source of energy.
Monosaccharide / Simple sugar, one sugar unit
Week 4
Disaccharide / Two sugars bonded together
Polysaccharide / a long chain of sugars
Lipid / Organic compounds that are waxy or oily. Includes fats, oils and steroids
Enzyme / A protein catalysis that controls the rate of biochemical reactions, lowering the activation energy level.
Fatty acid / Long chains of carbon and hydrogen, that make up lipids
Nucleic acid / Large complex organic molecules made up of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Nucleotide / Monomers of nucleic acids
DNA / Deoxyribonucleic acid double strained alpha helix shape, contains A, T, C, and G- genetic material
RNA / Ribonucleic acid, single strained, contains Nucleic acids A,U. C and G
Substrate
Reactants / Bind to the active site on enzymes to make products
Substances that enter into chemical reactions
Week 5
Activation energy / Energy required to start a chemical reaction
Denature / Proteins exposed to heat, change in pH, salts and other factors changing the shape of the protein making it non-functional
ATP
AMP
ADP / Energy of work for an organism, 3 phosphate bonds
One phosphate bond
Two phosphate bonds
Light reaction / in photosynthesis, the process requiring light to split water into H and O
Dark reaction, Calvin cycle / The light independent reactions in photosynthesis, bonding H from light reactions to CO2 to make glucose.
Chlorophyll / The light sensitive tissue in plants where photosynthesis occurs. 6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Thylakoid / Flattened sac-like membrane structures, Grana. Site of conversion of light energy to chemical energy. Grana dense layered stacks of thylakoid sacs. Sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Stroma / dense fluid within the chloroplast. Site of conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar
Week 6
Cristae / In the Mitochondria where Kreb’s cycle and electron transport occur to make ATP
Matrix / The internal structure of the mitochondria
Mitochondria / The power house of the cell, Mitochondria are the cell's power producers. They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cell's activities.
Glycolysis / The splitting of glucose into pyruvic acid and producing 2 ATP for the cell to use.
Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP. This process is called fermentation
Aerobic / Cellular respiration In the presence of oxygen to make ATP net 38
Anerobic / ATP production without oxygen and mitochondria. Leads to fermentation and the net production of only 4 ATP
Chemical bonds
http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869D/CHEM869DMats/BondTypes.html