Unit 12- Classification & Kingdoms

Name: ______Per. ______

Unit 12- Classification & Kingdoms

Unit 12- Classification & Kingdoms

I.  What is Classification: (pg. 484-489)

·  Classification is the grouping of items (living or non-living) based on similarities

·  The branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms is known as Taxonomy

II.  History of Classification

A.  Aristotle (384-322 bc) –

a.  First to develop a classification system based on either animals or plants:

i.  Animal- then further classified as red blood or bloodless, then based on their habitats and morphology.

ii. Plants- by size and structure as trees, shrubs or herbs.

B.  Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)-

a.  Broadened Aristotle’s classification.

b.  First formal system of taxonomic organization.

c.  groups are formed according to physical characteristics

d.  Developed Binomial Nomenclature (Scientific Name)

i.  the 2-words naming system for classification- Scientific Name

ii. The scientific name is the Genus and species

1.  The genus and species names are always italicized or underlined

2.  Genus is capitalized, species is not

3.  Once the scientific name has been used the Genus can be abbreviated by just using the first letter and then the full species. Ex: Cardinalis cardinalis can be written as C. cardinalis (Cardinal)

4.  The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens

C.  Modern Classification:

·  The study of evolution in the 1800s has added to Linnaeus’s classification system. (the use of DNA)

a.  Morphological Characters-

§  Organisms are classified by their similarity in form and structure.

b.  Biochemical Characters-

§  Scientists use amino acids and nucleotides to help determine evolutionary relationships among species.

§  Chromosome structure and number is also used

1. Who’s more closely related to the Humans?

2. How can you tell?

3. Who is the least related to the human? Why?

III.  Taxonomic Categories

1.  Domain- Three groups made up of kingdoms

2.  Kingdom – broadest category, groups of closely related _phyla

3.  Phylum – groups of closely related _classes

4.  Class – groups of closely related _orders

5.  Order - groups of closely related _families

6.  Family - groups of closely related _genera

7.  Genus - groups of closely related _species

8.  Species – _Smallest and most _closely-related group; organisms that share specific characteristics and can interbreed

IV.  The Three Domains of Life

·  Domain Bacteria – Includes all remaining prokaryotes or the _Eubacteria

·  Domain Archaea – Includes the _Archaebacteria

·  Domain Eukarya – Includes all eukaryotic kingdoms - _Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

V.  THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE (pg. 499-503)

·  DNA analysis has had a major impact on the classification system, changing the long-accepted system of 5 kingdoms to 6 kingdoms. The two prokaryotic kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were originally classified together as Kingdom Monera

Homework Practice Problems:

1. Which two animals are closely related? ______
2. How can you tell? ______
3. Which animals are the least related to the rest?______
4. How can you tell? ______
5. What is the scientific name of the Okapi? ______
6. Which classification levels are shared by the Zebra and the Lion? ______

Which of the following in each paired answer choice would you expect to be the most different? (circle the correct answer)

1. Two species with different Kingdoms | Two species with different Phyla
2. Two species with different Genus | Two species with different Families
3. Two species with different Class | Two species with different Phyla

Which of the following in each paired answer choice would you expect to be the most similar, if the shared taxon is the lowest common taxon? (circle the correct answer)

1. Two species with the same Family | Two species with the same Genus
2. Two species with the same Phylum | Two species with the same Domain
3. Two species with the same Class | Two species with the same Order

Matching- Match the definition with the correct term. Each term may be used more than one time and each question may have more than one answer!

1. ______Broadest classification level
2. ______Group of related orders
3. ______The grouping of objects based on similarities
4. ______Two-word naming system
5. ______Group of related species
6. ______Group of related genera
7. ______Level in which all members share the greatest number of characteristics
8. ______Branch of Biology concerned with grouping & naming organisms
9. ______Group of related families
10. ______Scientist that devised classification system
11. ______Group of related classes
12. ______Level at which organism can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
13. ______Levels of classification used for scientific name
14. ______Level of classification containing largest number of organisms
15. ______Animalia

Practice Problems

Identify the kingdoms that fit into each

Prokaryote Eukaryote Multicellular Unicellular

Non-Motile Motile Cell Wall Absent Cell Wall Present

No Chloroplast Chloroplast Heterotrophic Autotrophic

Use the following clues to identify the possible Kingdoms of the described organisms (Choose from Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae): ONE WILL BE USED TWICE

1.  Lacks a nucleus, lives in extreme environments ______

2.  Autotrophic or heterotrophic, with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, often unicellular ______

3.  Absorbs food, always heterotrophic, usually multicellular, often decomposers, immobile ______

4.  Always multicellular, with specialized cells or tissue, heterotrophic, usually mobile ______

5.  Always multicellular, autotrophic ______

6.  Lacks a nucleus, has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, often beneficial, sometimes harmful ______

7.  This eukaryotic Kingdom is considered the “throw-away Kingdom” because it contains organisms that just don’t fit into an of the others ______

Classification Practice

There are 35 phyla in the kingdom Animalia. One of these is the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with backbones. Use the chart describing the taxa in the phylum Chordata below to answer the questions below.

1. What is the scientific name of the ocellaris clownfish? ______

2. What does the first word of a scientific name represent? ______

3. What is the genus of the robust chimpanzee? ______How many other species are in this genus? ______

4. What is the family of the robust chimpanzee? ______How many other species are in this family? ______

5. What is the order of the robust chimpanzee? ______How many species are in this order? ______

6. What is the class of the robust chimpanzee? ______How many species are in this class? ______

7. What is the phylum of the robust chimpanzee? ______How many species are in this phylum? ______

8 Describe what you notice about the number of species in each taxon (group) as you move up each taxonomic level.

______

9. How many taxa (groups) does the ocellaris clownfish share with: Bonobos: ______Maroon clownfish ______

10. Using the super important rule, which animal, the bonobo, or the maroon clownfish, is more closely related to the ocellaris clownfish? ______

11. Using the answers to #9, explain how you know: ______

Tools for classification:

1.  Dichotomous Keys

2.  Cladograms

3.  Phylogenetic Trees

Dichotomous Keys

·  A dichotomous key is used to help identify unknown living things.

·  A dichotomous key is created after the living things have been identified, classified and named.

·  It is a tool for everyone to use to observe structural characteristics of an organism to discover its name.

·  The keys usually ask YES or NO questions about important characteristics of the organism you are trying to identify.

·  If you answer each question correctly and follow the directions given on the key, the key will lead you to the name of the living thing.

Name the following birds by using the Dichotomous Key:

1. a. The beak is relatively long and slender…………………………………………………………Certhidea

b. The beak is relatively stout and heavy…………………………………………………………. Go to 2

2. a. The bottom surface of the lower beak is flat and straight…………………………………….. Geospiza

b. the bottom surface of the lower beak is curved………………………………………………… go to 3

3. a. The lower edge of the upper beak has a distinct bend…………………………………………Camarhynchus

b. The lower edge of the upper beak is mostly flat…………………………………………………Platyspiza

Cladograms

·  The cladogram is a branching diagram that depicts species divergence from common ancestors.

·  Similar to a pedigree, whose branches show direct ancestry, a cladogram’s branches indicate phylogeny.

·  They show the distribution and origins of shared characteristics.

·  Cladograms are testable hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships.

·  The groups used in cladograms are called clades.

i.  A clade is one branch of the cladogram

·  Look at the cladogram to the right:

i.  Bears & Chimpanzees have 4 derived characters in common and are presumed to share a more recent common ancestor than Chimpanzees and Lizards, which only share 3 characteristics

PART I - Analyze the Cladogram

Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.

Identify which letter represents:

1. ______Wings
2. ______6 Legs
3. ______Segmented Body
4. ______Double set of wings
5. ______Cerci (abdomenal appendages)
6. ______Crushing mouthparts
7. ______Legs
8. ______Curly Antennae

PART II - Create Your Own Cladogram

To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish characteristics that they share and ones that are unique to each group. For the animals on the table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not. Based on that chart, create a cladogram like the one pictured above.

DRAWING OF YOUR CLADOGRAM

Create Your Own Cladogram

Make a Cladogram with the information above & Place the Traits, from the chart, in the appropriate location

1.  Which 2 organisms on the cladogram are more closely related?

2.  How can you tell?

3.  Which 2 organisms on the cladogram are the farthest from relation?

4.  How can you tell?

Phylogenetic Trees

•  diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on ancestry

Use the phylogenetic tree to the right to answer the following questions.

1.  Which organism is least like the zebrafish?

A.  Polypterus C. Lamprey & Hagfish

B.  Pufferfish D. Human

2.  Which organisms is most like the zebrafish?

A.  Polypterus C. Lamprey & Hagfish

B.  Pufferfish D. Human

3.  What class is Scyliorhinus canicula apart of?

A.  Actinopterygii C. Chondricthyes

B.  Sarcopterygii D. None of the above

4.  What is the common ancestor that all the species branch from? ______

5.  What is the species most closely related to Humans? ______

Plant Classification

Plants are classified into 2 basic groups based on whether they contain Vascular tissue.

·  Phylum Bryophyte- NO Vascular Tissue

·  Phylum Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue

Phylum Bryophyte – No Vascular Tissue

1. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present

n  Depends on water for reproduction SWIMMING SPERM

n  No vascular system, therefore no taller than 20 cm

n  Examples: mosses, hornworts, liverworts

Phylum Tracheophytes – Contain Vascular Tissue

1.  Pterophyta

Pterophytes – commonly called ferns

n  No pollen (swimming sperm)

n  No seeds

n  No fruits

n  Found predominantly in moist climates because the sperm must swim to the egg cell

2.  Gymnosperms

Gymnosperm- “naked seed”

n  A group of cone bearing plants including the following Phyla:

·  Cycadophyta (ex: sagopalm), Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta & Coniferophyta (ex: pine, spruce, fir {Christmas trees})

n  Have pollen - “flying sperm” so they are no longer tied to water for reproduction

n  Have seeds

n  No fruit

n  cones present

n  Example: Largest group is the conifers which includes pines, spruce & ceader

·  Have common characteristic leaves called needles, which are modified to prevent water loss

3.  Angiosperms

·  Group of Flowering plants including Phylum Anthophyta

·  Most complex and adaptable · Most successful

·  Have pollen · Have seeds

·  Have flowers- enhances pollination

·  Have fruit

·  Mature ovary

·  Contains one or more seeds

·  Provides embryo with protection

·  Increases seed dispersal

Classes of Angiosperms:

A.  Class Monoctyledonae (Monocot)

·  One cotyledon – seed leaf

·  Parallel veins on leaves

·  Fibrous roots

·  Flower parts in multiples of 3

·  Ex.: Corn, grasses, lilies

B.  Class Dicotyledenae (Dicot)

·  Two cotyledon

·  Branching veins on leaves

·  Tap roots

·  Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5

·  Ex.: rose, oak trees, ect…

Homework Practice