Name: ______Global 9

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

  1. Social Scientists:

1)Historians- Study written records of past events.

2)Geographers- Study the Earth’s surface and its impact on humans. Geographers often examine topography (physical land features), climate (weather), human migrations (movement), and the way in which humans adapt to (learn to live in) different environments. Geographers will often examine two types of maps.

a)Political Maps- Show countries, their borders, and capital cities.

b)Physical/Topographic Maps- Show topography (land features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, etc.).

3)Economists- Study how societies use available resources. They often ask and try to answer the following 3 questions about civilizations: What goods and services are produced? How are goods and services produced? How are goods and services distributed?

4)Anthropologists- Study past and present human cultures.

5)Archaeologists are a type of anthropologist. They examine the culture of past human societies through analysis of physical remains (artifacts).

  1. Historical Sources

1)Primary Source- A firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event (Examples- Diaries, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies).

2)Secondary Source- A secondhand record of an historical event created by a person who did NOT actually experience the event (Examples- textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies).

  1. Time Frame

1)BC & BCE= number of years BEFORE zero; AD & CE= years after zero

2)16th century= 1500s17th century= 1600s 18th century= 1700s etc.

  1. Types of Government

1)Democracy- people have a say in their government

2)Republic- a type of democracy in which people choose their leaders

3)Dictatorship/Totalitarian/Absolute- government has complete control over the people

4)Monarchy- a king or queen rules

5)Limited Monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy- a king or queen rules but has limits on their power

  1. Types of Economies

1)Traditional Economy/Barter Economy: people trade goods and services with each other (no money; used in earliest civilizations)

2)Manorialism: An economic system in Medieval Europe in which lords owned manors (areas of land) that were self-sufficient (provided for its own needs)

3)Mercantilism: System in which the colony produces raw materials for the mother country, who turns them into manufactured goods and sells them back for a profit

4)Market Economy/ Free-market/ Capitalism: individuals make economic decisions (people choose what to buy and sell) and aim to make a profit

UNIT 2: BELIEF SYSTEMS

  1. Monotheistic: belief in one God
  2. Judaism:
  3. Followers are called Jews
  4. Holy book: Old Testament
  5. 10 commandments: code of behavior to follow (ex. though shall not steal)
  6. Christianity
  7. Holy book: Bible (Old & New Testament)
  8. 10 commandments: code of behavior to follow (ex. though shall not kill)
  9. Islam
  10. Followers are called Muslims
  11. Holy book is the Koran (Qur’an)
  12. Practiced mostly in the middle east
  13. Five Pillars of Faith
  14. Declaration of Faith (Allah is the only God and Muhammad is his messenger)
  15. Pray five times a day towards the holy city of Mecca
  16. Give 2.5% of wealth to charity
  17. Fast during Ramadan (no food or drink from sunrise to sunset for the month long holiday)
  18. Hajj- Take a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
  19. Polytheistic: belief in many Gods
  20. Hinduism
  21. Holy books arethe Vedas and Upanishads
  22. Practiced mostly in India
  23. Key ideas:
  24. Caste system (social hierarchy; one’s caste (social class) is determined by birth; no social mobility (you can’t move up or down in the caste system
  25. Dharma (one’s duties in life based on your caste)
  26. Karma (what good/bad you put out into the universe comes back to you)
  27. Moksha (the ultimate goal of Hinduism; when one has been reunited with Brahman and released from the cycle of reincarnation.
  28. Atheistic (no God)/ Philosophies
  29. Buddhism
  30. Practiced mostly in Southeast Asia (ex. China)
  31. Siddhartha Gautama took the name Buddha, meaning “enlightened”
  32. 4 noble truths: 1-everyone suffers; 2-suffering is caused by desire; 3-in order to end suffering, you must end desire; 4-to end desire you must follow the eightfold path (a guide to moral behavior)
  33. The goal of Buddhism is to achieve Nirvana (the state of being enlightened/free of desire and suffering)
  34. Buddhism and Hinduism are similar because they both believe in reincarnation
  35. Confucianism
  36. Helps maintain order and stability in society
  37. The Five Relationships- The idea that every person has specific roles and obligations. For example, subjects must obey their ruler, wives must obey their husbands, and children must obey their parents.
  38. Filial Piety- respect for elders/parents
  39. Legalism- philosophy based on the idea that humans are evil and that harsh punishments areneeded in order to prevent crime and keep order in society.
  40. Shintoism/Animism- belief that there are spirits in nature (both living and nonliving things)

UNIT 3: THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

  1. The Neolithic Revolution (8000BC-3000BC)
  2. People changed from being nomads (people who wander from place to place hunting and gathering food) to people living in permanent settlements because they had learned how to farm and domesticate animals
  3. This was the start of civilizations (an organized society with a government, social classes, job specialization, writing and religion).
  1. Ancient River Valley Civilizations (3000-BC-1000BC)
  2. Early civilizations settled near river valleys because they:
  3. Were a good source of water (for drinking and watering crops)
  4. Had fertile soil which was good for farming (especially when the rivers flooded)
  5. Were a good source of food (animals came to river which made hunting easier + fish)
  6. Made transportation easy
  7. Common features of Ancient River Valley Civilizations:
  8. They were all polytheistic- people believed in many gods associated with nature
  9. Traditional economies (barter-trade with goods (not money))
  10. Subsistence farming: people only farmed enough to take care of family; they didn’t produce extra food to sell for a profit
  11. Additional information to know:
  12. Pyramids- advanced architectural structure created by the Egyptians for Pharaohs (kings)
  13. Hieroglyphics-Ancient Egyptian writing system
  14. Cuneiform- Ancient Sumerian writing system
  15. Code of Hammurabi- written set of laws known for harsh punishment (“an eye for an eye”)
  16. Phoenicians created the first modern alphabet
  17. Take note of the names of each civilization and the river valleys they settled around


UNIT 4: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

  1. Africa
  2. Mali, Ghana, and Songhai were kingdoms in West Africa known for trading in gold, salt and ivory. They were on a Trans-Saharan trade route (route across the Sahara desert)
  3. Timbuktu was known as a key trading city (located near Niger River)
  4. Mansa Musawas from Mali. He traveled to Mecca because he was a Muslim and spread his religion on his way back. He was also known for handing out gold on the way.
  5. India
  6. Aryans- first group that conquered the remains of the Indus River Valley Civilizations by invading through the mountain passes, created the caste system, developed Sanskrit writing, and were polytheistic
  7. Maurya Dynasty- A famous ruler, Asoka- wrote the laws of India on tall rock pillars that were displayed throughout India. He converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for his kind treatment of people and animals
  8. Gupta Dynasty- Golden Age of India known for many achievements in math, science, art, and literature. Some of the achievements include the invention of zero, the development of Sanskrit writing, and Buddhist cave paintings.
  9. China
  10. Achievements of early dynasties: writing system, paper, porcelain, woodblock printing, gunpowder, movable type, compass, silk
  11. Dynastic cycle- the rise and fall of ruling families (dynasties) that was determined by the Mandate of Heaven (God gave people the right to rule)
  12. Shang & Zhou dynasties- earliest dynasties with simple achievements like the wheel and paper
  13. Qin dynasty-Qin Shi Huangdi was known for being a legalist (ruled with harsh laws) and is credited with building the Great Wall of China to keep out invaders
  14. Tang & Song dynasties
  15. “Golden Ages” of China (many cultural achievements; peace)
  16. Civil service test- a test one had to pass to get a job in the government; based on Confucian principles
  17. Silk Road- trade routes between Europe and Asia that increased cultural diffusion
  18. Latin America
  19. Common characteristics among early civilizations in Latin America:
  20. They were organized, developed and advanced BEFORE Europeans showed up
  21. They were culturally diverse due to lack of interaction because they lived near mountains and tropical forests
  22. They adapted to their environments (ex. Different forms of farming)
  23. They were polytheistic
  24. Mayas
  25. Location: present day Central America/Mexico
  26. Achievements: concept of zero, calendar, writing system, Ziggurats (pyramids)
  27. Farming: slash and burn (clear sections of dense forest for fertile farmland)
  28. Aztecs
  29. Location: present day Mexico
  30. Achievements: Calendar, writing system, capital city of Tenochtitlan, pyramids
  31. Farming: chinampas- crops grew on floating gardens
  32. Incas
  33. Location: present day Peru (along the Andes mountains in South America)
  34. Achievements: irrigation systems brought water to crops, pyramids, roads
  35. Farming: terrace farming (cut flat sections into mountainside to farm on)

UNIT 5: CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS (GREECE & ROME)

  1. Greece (800BC-500 BC)
  2. The people of Greece were polytheistic
  3. First Olympic games were held every 4 years to honor their god, Zeus
  4. Alexander the Great- spread Greek (Hellenistic) culture to all of the areas that he conquered.
  5. Mountainous topography caused Greece to form many independent city-states instead of one large empire. The two most famous city-states were:
  6. Athens:
  7. First democracy (people have a say in their government)
  8. Famous philosophers (thinkers): Socrates, Aristotle & Plato
  9. Sparta: war-like/military society in which people had little freedom
  1. Rome (800BC-500AD)
  2. Located on the peninsula of Italy
  3. Rome began as a small city-state but eventually created a large empire by conquering most lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
  4. Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace,” was the golden age of Rome in which they had many achievements and maintained political stability.
  5. The Romans had a vast network of roads which helped unite their empire, increased trade, and increased cultural diffusion
  6. Advanced architecture: concrete, arches, domes, aqueducts (bridge-like structure used to transport water)
  7. Government:
  8. First Republic (government in which people elect representatives)
  9. Twelve Tables: set of written laws
  10. Developed important legal concepts such as “innocent until proven guilty” and the use of evidence in court
  11. Rome eventually split into two:
  12. Rome (the West) soon collapsed and fell into the Dark Ages
  13. Byzantine Empire (the East) stuck around for another 1000 years

Unit 6: Medieval Europe & Feudal Japan

  1. Medieval Europe/Middle Ages (400AD-1400AD)
  2. The Middle Ages is the period of time in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance.
  3. They were characterized by having many Germanic kingdoms, increased warfare & less trade.
  4. The Church was a very powerful force in Europe during the Middle Ages.
  5. Popes usually held both spiritual & political power
  6. The church was at the center of each manor
  7. People became devoted to God because their lives were so difficult
  8. Feudalism:
  9. Feudalism is a political and social system in which land is exchanged for loyalty and service
  10. decentralized government- the King spread out his power amongst the lords who each owned their own land/manor
  11. Feudalism provided stability and order
  12. Social Hierarchy:
  13. Nobles/Lords: owned their own manors/land
  14. Knights: mounted warriors that practiced chivalry- a code of behavior (similar to Japanese Samurai’s code of Bushido)
  15. Serfs (peasants): made up the majority of the population
  16. Manorialism:
  17. Manorialism was the medieval economic system
  18. Each manor (area of land) was owned by a lord
  19. The manors wereself-sufficient(provided for its own needs) which caused trade to decrease
  1. Feudal Japan
  2. Japan is an archipelago (chain of islands)
  3. Japan is extremely mountainous so they adapted to their environment by using terrace farming
  4. Cultural diffusion: Early Japan was greatly influenced by contact with China (through Korea) due to its close location.
  5. Belief systems: Shintoism (belief in nature spirits) & Buddhism (spread from China)
  6. The Japanese have a true respect for nature; it is a significant theme is most of their art and literature
  7. Japanese feudalism
  8. Feudalism: a political and social system in which land is exchanged for loyalty and service; decentralized government; provided stability and order
  9. Emperor was a figurehead with no real power; the Shogun held all real power
  10. Shogun, Daimyo and Samurai were all warriors
  11. Peasants made up the majority of society
  12. Japanese Bushido: code of conduct the warriors must follow (similar to a European knight’s code of chivalry)
  13. Tokugawa Shogunate: the warrior family that ruled Japan from 1303-1863 and was known for keeping Japan isolated from any contact with the outside world
  1. Byzantine Empire (500AD-1453AD)
  2. After the western area of the Roman Empire was conqueredin 476 AD, the eastern portion of the Roman Empire survived and became known as the Byzantine Empire.
  3. Key features and achievements of the Byzantine Empire:
  4. Constantinople- The capital city of the Byzantine Empire; key trading center because its prime location on between Europe and Asia
  5. Eastern Orthodox Religion- This was the branch of Christianity that was practiced by thepeople of the Byzantine Empire
  6. Justinian Code- Written set of laws created by Emperor Justinian; preserved stability
  7. Preservation of Greek and Roman Culture- The Byzantines preserved (saved) and passedon important texts created by the Greeks and Romans.
  8. Cultural Diffusion- the Byzantine Empire had a major influence on the neighboring civilizationof Russia. Through contact with the Byzantine Empire, Russia received:
  9. The Eastern Orthodox Religion (which is still practiced in Russia today)
  10. The Cyrillic Alphabet (writing system still used in Russia today)
  1. Golden Age of Islam (700AD-1200AD)
  2. Shortly after the death of Muhammad (the prophet born in Mecca), Muslim armies swept out of theArabian peninsula and conquered vast areas of land that included much of the Middle East, thenorthern coast of Africa, and even southern Spain.
  3. During this period, the Islamic (or Muslim) world experienced a Golden Age- There wereamazing achievements in math, science, medicine, philosophy, and art.
  1. The Crusades (1100-1300)
  2. The Crusades were a series of holy wars in which the Christians fought to regain control of the holy land (sacred area of land in the Middle East that includes Jerusalem) from the Muslims.
  3. Causes of the Crusades:
  4. European Christians believed they would be forgiven for their sins if they fought for God.
  5. European Christians believed the Holy Land should not be controlled by Muslims.
  6. Many poor Europeans wanted to escape from feudalism.
  7. Many Europeans hoped to gain wealth from the Middle East.
  8. Effects of the Crusades:
  9. Cultural diffusionoccurred as trade & travel greatly increased between Europe and the Middle East
  10. Europeans learned about the many Muslim achievements from their golden age
  11. Feudalism declined
  12. In the end, the Muslims/Turks keep control of the holy land
  1. The Mongols (1100s-1400s)
  2. The Mongols originated as nomads on the steppes (grassy plains) of Central Asia.
  3. Genghis Khanis known for uniting the Mongols and training them to be skilled warriors with excellent horsemanship skills.
  4. Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols created largest empire in history, which included China, Central Asia, Russia and much of the Middle East.
  5. Pax Mongoliawas a period of Mongolian peace and led to:
  6. political stability (people stopped fighting and felt safe)
  7. an increase in trade between Europe and Asia
  8. increased cultural diffusion
  9. The Mongol Empire was divided into multiple “Khanates” (areas of land) ruled by Genghis Khan’s sons but the Mongol Empire eventually fell because it was so large.
  10. Influence on Russia:
  11. After they conquered Russia, the Mongols kept Russia isolated (removed) fromdevelopments that were taking place in Western Europe.
  12. The Mongols taught the Russians how to have a centralized government- Astrong government with one ruler in firm control.
  1. The Black Death (1347-1351)
  2. The Black Death refers to the major disease (called bubonic plague) that killed 25 million peoplein Europe (almost 1/3 of the population) during the late Middle Ages.
  3. The disease started in East Asia (maybe China) and spread to Europe over trade routes such asthe Silk Road. The interaction of different groups of people helped spread the disease.
  4. Major effects (results) of the Black Death:
  5. Depopulation- The population of Europe decreased from 85 million to 60 million.
  6. Feudalism continued to decline as serfs fled from manors for better opportunities.
  7. Trade temporarily decreased.
  1. Commercial Revolution (1500s-1600s) (after Age of Exploration? High Middle Ages? Renaissance & Revolution?)
  2. The term Commercial Revolution refers to the new forms of business that were introduced during the Age of Exploration. These new forms of business included:

1)Joint-stock companies- Investors would combine money to help pay for trading projects.

2)The expansion (growth) of banking.

3)Capitalism- Form of business in which profits from one project are reinvested in other projects in order to make more money.

UNIT 8: RENAISSANCE, SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, PROTESTANT REFORMATION