Unit 1: Intro to Psychology and Research Methods Chapters 1 and 2

Unit 1: Intro to Psychology and Research Methods Chapters 1 and 2

Name______

Unit 1 Enduring Understandings

Psychology is a science that emphasizes orderly, systematic, objective methods to study behavior and cognition
Psychologists practice from different perspectives, each approach contributing to the science
Psychologist use various methods to conduct their scientific research, each having benefits and drawbacks
Psychologists study human behavior in an attempt to explain and predict the way people thank and behave

Unit 1 Psych Lingo

You are responsible for the vocabulary listed at the beginning of each chapter. There will be a VOCAB section in every Unit test. If you complete the packet, take supplemental notes, pay attention, ask questions AND STUDY you have nothing be worried about!

CHAPTER 1

What is Psychology?

Psychology is the ______study of behavior and ______
______is any action that other people can observe or ______

FIVE Goals of Psychology:

Observe
______
Explain
Predict
______or ______

Psychology as a Science

Psychology is a ______Science
Much like ______, economics and sociology
Deals with interactions of ______
Psychology also deals with the ______Sciences
Much like Biology and ______
Deals with the ways the ______helps people interact with the world

Psychological Theories

______are statements that attempt to explain why things are the way they are
EXAMPLE: when there is an emergency, the more bystanders there are, the LESS likely any of them will help
______are rules or laws that are generally accepted by all
EXAMPLE: If you sleep more, you will be better rested

What Psychologists Do

______Psychologists
Largest group
Treat people with ______anxiety, relationships, drug abuse
Evaluate people through ______and psychological tests
CANNOT prescribe______

Counseling Psychologists
Treat people with ______issues rather than ______
School Psychologists
Treat people with peer group issues, ______disorders
______Psychologists
Study changes ______a person’s lifetime
Physical, emotional, cognitive and ______changes
Personality Psychologists
Look for and study the development of ______traits
Concerned with aggression, ______roles and anxiety
Social Psychologists
Concerned with behavior in ______situations
Focus on ______influences on behavior
Experimental Psychologists
Conduct ______into the functions of the brain, hormones, etc
Most likely participate in ______or in research that is done for its own sake with no immediate application
Their findings are put into ______by other ______

REFLECT: if you decided to become a psychologist, what sub-specialty of psychology would you choose, and why?

History of Psychology

Roots come from Ancient ______
Socrates suggests ______(question ourselves)
Aristotle writes of “ ______” exploring the history of psychological thought
______suggests that people with disturbed mentalities had brain abnormalities

Birth of Psychology as a Modern Science

Psychological laboratories were developed in the ______in Europe and U.S.
Historians point to the year______as the birth of psychology as a lab science
Wilhelm ______opened his lab in Germany in this year

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism

Structuralists were concerned with basic elements of ______
Two categories of conscious experience:
______: sight and taste
______: emotional response and mental images
Human mind functioned by ______these two elements

William James and Functionalism

Harvard professor that ______with Structuralist ideas
Concerned with:______
Adaptive patterns are learned and maintained because they are ______
EXAMPLE: You study because you get good grades when you do
Successful patterns become automatic ______

John B. Watson and Behaviorism

He believed it is ______to study consciousness
Consciousness is a ______event known only to______
If Psychology is to be considered a “real” science it must base itself only on:______

READ (PAGE 134): Watson, Little Albert and Drama

The Purpose was ______Conditioning of fear. Explain the Little Albert experiment:

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement

A behaviorist that added the concept of______
When an animal is______- for performing an action it is more likely to______
Animals are capable of learning ______behavior patterns

The Gestalt School

Means ______or ______in German
The belief that people seek out ______in the sensory data available to them
Believe that learning is ______and purposeful
______is the reorganization of perceptions that help people solve problems
Believe that problem-solving is accomplished by______

Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis

Stressed that behavior was a result of unconscious ______motives and internal______
Most of what exists in people’s minds is______and consists of ______impulses, urges and wishes
Behavior is aimed at ______desires even if some are socially______
People want to see themselves as ______, and are unaware of the real ______

APPLICATION: Which SCHOOL is it?

If I believe that the human mind=sensations +feelings then I most likely would believe in______

If I ask the question, “how does the mind help people adapt?” I most likely would follow______

______believe that psychology can only be a Science if it is based on observable events.

If I believe that insight solves problems I probably agree with______

If I believe secret desires determined behavior I would be a ______

VIDEO: Explain the possible cause of Bluto’s Behavior using the Cognitive, Psychoanalytic and Behavioral Approaches:

Cognitive______

______

Psychoanalytic______

Behavioral______

CHART: Contemporary Perspective of Psychology Complete the chart below of Contemporary Perspectives of Psychology

Perspective / Focus / Sample Questions
How the body and brain enables emotions. / How are messages transmitted by the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and disorders?
How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of genes. / How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences / To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, sexual orientation, personality and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes or environment?
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts / How can personality be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or disguised as unfulfilled wishes?
How we learn observable responses / How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information / How do we use information in memory?...Reasoning?....Problem solving?
How does behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
Emphasizes ethnicity, gender, culture and socio-economic status. / How are people from across the globe ALIKE as members of the “Human Family”?
As products of different environmental contexts, how do differ?

CHAPTER 2

The Scientific Method

______
Hypothesis
______
______or Draw a conclusion

VIDEO: Identify the Scientific Method

Q-______

H-______

T-______

A-______

Conducting Research

Psychology is an experimental ______
Forming a research question
Some come out of
Example: Fighting Fish
Some come out of
Example: Learn from observing others
Some come out of
Example: Opposites attract
Forming a Hypothesis
An ______as to what is going to happen
Testing the Hypothesis
Hypothesis cannot be considered correct until it is ______
Analyzing the Results
Question what your ______mean
Look for ______and decide which support your hypothesis or not
Drawing Conclusions
When observations do not support their hypothesis a psychologists must ______their beliefs or theories
Have to adjust and have an ______
Replication
Findings of a study must be ______and repeated to produce the same results as before
Sometimes psychologists will use different participants and vary their genders, ages, etc.
New Questions
Experiments will lead to ______questions regardless of if they agree or disagree with hypothesis
Experimental process then repeats itself

Surveys, Samples, and Populations

The ______Method
Gathering information or opinions by asking people directly via questionnaires or interviews
Findings may not be accurate because of:
Fear of Confidentiality, Aiming to Please, or Dishonesty
Populations and Samples
Psychologists have to determine what groups they want to examine
To accurately predict an outcome, psychologists have to study a group that______that target population
Almost impossible to interview every member of the target population so psychologists will use a ______or only part of the target population

Selecting Samples

Sample should be as ______as possible to the target population
Why should the sample for a possible vote on curfew for 18-year-olds not be a high school class?
A ______sample occurs when individuals are selected by chance
Larger sample means better representation of the target population
A ______sample occurs when subgroups are represented proportionally to the target population
Example: 12% African-Americans are in the US, so 12% African-Americans in your sample

Generalizing Results

Cannot make generalizations if the sample did not study it
Ex: Cannot claim that all people love red cars when only men were surveyed

QUESTIONS:

1. Why are surveys in magazines like Seventeen, Glamour, Cosmo, etc. NOTrepresentative of the US population?

2. What are some issues at CBS that you could survey? WHO would be your target population?

Closure

Why should psychologists be wary of Generalizing Results?

Why is replication important?

What is the importance of Random and Stratified sampling?

Methods of Observation

The ______Method
Through Intelligence, ______,and Personality tests we can sometimes learn about ______.
______tests can help diagnose problems such as anxiety and depression
The ______-______Method
In-depth investigation of a group or people
Some focus on rare events, such as the case of Genie.

VIDEO: Describe the “Genie Study”

______

Naturalistic ______Method
Also called field study
Study people in their natural environment
Laboratory ______Method
An example is the Skinner- Box.

VIDEO: Explain the Skinner Box and its results

Analyzing Observations

______- is a measure of how closely one thing is related to another
The ______the correlation, the more closely related things are
Explain Positive Correlation – Give an example

Explain Negative Correlation – Give an example

Correlations describe relationships NOT ______and ______.

The Experiment Method

Participants receive a ______such as a change in temperature or a pil
Conditions may ______accurately reflect conditions in real life
Variables are factors that can vary or change
______
The factor or thing manipulated so researchers can determine its effect
______
Is DEPENDENT on the independent variable!!!
Action brought about by a change
Ideal experiments use an experimental and a control group
______group receives the treatment
______group does NOT receive the treatment
Makes it possible for psychologists to conclude that the results were caused by the ______and NOT something else
A ______experiment happens when there is both an experimental and a control group

The Placebo Effect

A ______is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it
Explain Single-Blind studies

Explain Double-Blind studies

Ethical Issues in Psychology

______are standards for proper and responsible behavior
Specific guidelines have been established by the ______

Research with People

Confidentiality is important
Records must be sealed and ______
Very rare circumstances, such as a person plans to harm someone, can allow psychologists to disregard confidentiality. This is very rare.
______is when people agree and are made aware of what the experiment will mean for them in terms of physical, mental health, etc.
______(or not giving the whole truth) is sometimes necessary to gain accurate findings
APA states the deception may only be used when psychologists:
Believe that the benefits of the research outweighs its ______
Believe that individuals would ______anyway knowing the deception
When participants receive an ______of the study after it has occurred

Research with Animals

Psychologists use animals only when there is no______method and when they believe that the ______outweigh the harm
Animals used to be in experiments that are now deemed ______
Example: monkeys separated from their mothers at birth are no longer done to prove attachment theories

VIDEO: Describe the outdated animal research from the video. WHAT aspects of the testing do you believe makes it Unethical?

Ethics in Using Data

Researchers need to be as______as possible in planning their study and in collecting and analyzing data
Researchers must be willing to change opinions and research in light of unsupportive evidence

Unit 1 Assignments

Individual Assignments (BE PREPARED TO PRESENT AND DISCUSS!!!)

1. Completed note packet/10 point (Classwork/Quiz)DUE DATE:______

2. Note Packet articles/10 points each article (Homework)DUE DATE______

Choose TWO of the brief articles and write a paragraph for each that summarizes the article, relates it to something we have learned in class, and includes your OPINION or REACTION, i.e. what do you think about it?

3. Current Event Article/10 points (Homework)DUE DATE______

Find a current event article that somehow relates to what we have been learning in class, summary and reaction

4. Unit 1 Test/60 points (Test/Project)DUE DATE______

Group Assignment

1. Unethical Experiment Presentation/50 points (Test/Project)DUE DATE______

Research one of the experiments and present to class, per assignment requirements