Unit 1: Blood Is Thicker Than Water

1º BACHILLERATO: GRAMMAR

UNIT 1: BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER

PRESENT SIMPLE

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES
A: I work.
He/she/it works.
You/we/they work.
N: I do not (don’t) work.
He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work_.
You/we/they do not (don’t) work.
Q: Do I work?
Does he/she/it work_?
Do you/we/they work? / 1-to talk about general truth and permanent actions(facts):
The Earth rotates round its axis. It rains a lot in autumn. I speak English and French.
2-to talk about repeated, customary actions: He gets up at 8 o’clock every morning. They never listen to their teacher.
3-to talk about a planned future action (a timetable or schedule ) The train leaves at 3 tomorrow. / always, every day/month/yearnever, often, normally, seldom, sometimes, usually, twice a week/day…, all the time

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I am (I’m) working.
He/she/is is (he’s) working.
You/we/they are (we’re) working.
N: I am not (I’m not) working.
He/she/it is not (isn’t) working.
You/we/they/ are not (aren’t) working.
Q:Am I working?
Is he/she/we working?
Are you/we/they working? / 1-to talk about actions that are happening now, at the moment of speaking: Look! The boys are playing football. Hurry up! The train is coming.
2- to talk about actions that are happening around now, but not exactly at the moment of speaking:
We are studying very hard these days. We have to prepare for our exams.
3-to speak about what you have already arranged to do: -What are you doing on Saturday? -I am meeting my friend at the station. She is arriving at 8 pm. / now, at the moment, at present; Look!, Listen! these days,
this morning,
today

PAST SIMPLE

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I worked /went.
He/she/it worked/went.
You/we/they worked/went .
N: I did not (didn’t) work_/go.
He/she/it did not (didn’t) work_/go.
You/we/they did not (didn’t) work_/go.
Q: Did I work_/go?
Did he/she/it work_/go?
Did you/we/they work_/go? / 1-to talk about actions performed in the past (with finished time expressions): I met my friend yesterday. Did you go to the seaside last summer?
2-to talk about a succession of past actions (stories): He opened the door, switched on the light and fed his cat.
3- to talk about an action taking place in the middle of another action: He fell asleep while the teacher was explaining new grammar rules. / yesterday,
2minutes/hours/days/years ago, in 1970, the other day,
last month/year/ week/ Sunday

PAST CONTINUOUS

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I was working.
He/she/it was working.
You/we/they were working.
N: I was not (wasn’t) working.
He/she/it was not (wasn’t) working.
You/we/they were not (weren’t) working.
Q: Was I working?
Was he/she/it working?
Were you/we/they working? / 1-to talk about a temporary action taking place at a given moment in the past: What were you doingat 6 o’clock yesterday?
2-two or more actions happening at the same time in the past: She was cooking dinner and her kids were watching TV.
3- action interrupted by another shorter action in the past: I was working on computer when the telephone rang.
4- background information in a story:
The sun was shining and the birds were singing… / at 6 o’clock yesterday, from 3 to 6 On Monday, when Mum came, while

FUTURE SIMPLE

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES
A: I/we shall*/ will work.
He/she/it will work.
You/they will work.
N: I/we shall not (shan’t) * work
will not (won’t) work.
He/she/it will not (won’t) work.
You/they will not (won’t) work.
Q: Shall/will I/we work?
Will he/she/it work?
Will you/they work?
/ 1-to talk about future actions: I’ll call you tomorrow. Mary will get a present next month.
2-to predict the future (with probably, I expect..., I'm sure..., (I) think..., don't think, I wonder..., perhaps) I think it will raintomorrow. Perhaps she'll be late.
I don't think the exam will bevery difficult.
3- to express intention at the moment of decision:
Do you like these shoes? - Yes, I'll buy them.
4-in the 1st type of conditional sentences If the weather is fine, we’ll go to the country. / tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, one of these
days, next week/month/ year etc., soon,
in the near future, some day, in two days/five minutes/a month etc.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I/we/you/they have worked/gone.
He/she/it has worked/gone.
N: I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) worked/gone.
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) worked/gone.
Q: Have I/we/you/they worked/gone?
Has he/she/it worked/gone? / It is always connected with the present and the only thing which matters here is the result: the time when the action took place is of no importance: I have lost my keys. I can’t open the door.
1-to talk about a completed action connected with the present:
I have seen this film and I can discuss it with you now.
2-questions in the Present Perfect never start with when: When did you see this film?
3-with this morning/evening, today this week, this year (when the time periods are not finished at the time of speaking):
Have you called you mother today? / already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now , of late, lately, recently; with for and since; with This is the first time …this morning/ evening, today, this week, this year

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I/you/we/they had worked/gone.
He/she/it had worked/gone.
N: I/we/you/we/they had not (hadn’t) worked/gone.
He/she it had not (hadn’t) worked/gone.
Q: Had I/you/we/they worked/gone?
Had he/she/it worked/gone? / 1-denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past; it is not used to denote a succession of actions (Past Simple): She had already finished her work when he came.
But: When I wrote the letter, I posted it.(Past Simple – succession of actions)
By the time the police arrived ,he had already disappeared.
2-with the conjunctions(hardly/scarcely/ nearly/barely + when…) I had hardly done it when they came.
No sooner had they arrivedthan it started to rain. / when I entered, by 5 o’clock yesterday, (with the same adverbs as Present Perfect but in the past context); no sooner…than…

UNIT 2: IT’S RAINING CATS AND DOGS

FUTURE PERFECT

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I/we shall*/will have worked/gone.
He/she/it will have worked/gone.
You/they will have worked/gone.
N: I/we shall not (shan’t) * have worked/gone.
will not (won’t)
He/she/it will not (won’t)
You/they will not (won’t) have worked/gone.
Q: Shall/will I/we have worked/gone?
Will he/she/it have worked/gone?
Will you/they have worked/gone? / 1-denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future: She will have finished this work by 2 o’clock tomorrow.
The film will have already startedby the time we come .Hurry up!
/ by this time tomorrow, by 2 o’clock tomorrow, when you come back

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS / USE / TIME PHRASES

A: I/we shall/will* have been working.
He/she/it will have been working.
You/they will have been working.
N: I/we shall not (shan’t)* have been working.
will not (won’t)
He/she/it will not (won’t) have been working.
You/they will not (won’t) have been working.
Q: Shall/will I/we have been working?
Will he/she/it have been working?
Will you/they have been working?
/ 1-denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to the moment and will be going on at that moment: You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
In the fall I will have been studying here for 2 years.
He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travellingfor 24 hours. / for

UNIT 3: FACE THEMUSIC

MODAL VERBS

What are modal verbs?

Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English.
They are used to indicate modality and give additional information about the functionof the main verb that always follows it.
They have a great variety ofcommunicative functions such as:

Permission
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Lack of necessity
Advice
Possibility
Probability

Remember: Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without “to

Exceptions: ought to, have to, need to

LIST OF MODALS

Modal Verb

Meaning

Expressing

Example

must

internal oligation

to be very probable

100 % internal obligation

logical conclusion (deduction)

I must stop when the traffic lights turn red.

He must be very tired after such enormous work

must not

not to be allowed to

prohibition

You must not smoke in the hospital.

Can

/ to be able to
to be allowed to
it is possible / ability
permission
possibility / I can swim
Can I use your phone please?
Smoking can cause 1osibl¡

could

/ to be able to
to be allowed to
it is possible / ability in the past
more polite permission
possibility / When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired..
Excuse me, could I just say something?
It could rain tomorrow!

May

/ to be allowed to
it is possible, probable / permission
possibility, probability / May I use your phone please?
It may rain tomorrow!

Might

/ it is 1osible, probable / weak possibility, probability / I might come and visit you in America next year, if I can save enough money.

Have to

need to

/ necessary / necessity / Do I have to say more?

Don’t have to

need not

/ not necessary / lack of necessity/absence of obligation / I need not buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.

Should/ought to

/ used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do.
To suggest an action or to show that it is necessary
to be very probable / 50 % obligation
Advice
logical conclusion (deduction) / I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
You should / ought to revise your lessons
He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work

had better

/ to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary / advice / You ‘d better revise your lessons

MODAL PERFECT

All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past.

FORM: MODAL+ HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past

Jane wasn’t feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold.
Bill didn’t answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.

2. can’t have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past

She can’t have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address.
They can’t have gone to bed late. They were very tired.

3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the past but we aren’t sure.

Laura hasn’t arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus.
I didn’t see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.

4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.

You could have told us about the new project!
She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.

5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn’t do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn’t.

You should have told him the truth.
They ought to have received the cheque by now.

6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn’t do it in the end.

They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday.
I would have bought that DVD but I didn’t have enough money.

7. needn’t have done = it wasn’t necessary to do something but we did it.

You needn’t have gone to the supermarket. I’ve already done the shopping.
The weather was warm and sunny. I needn’t have taken an umbrella.

GERUND

Agerundis a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.

Spelling Tip

Add ing to most verbs.
Ex. play > playing
cry > crying
bark > barking / For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing.
Ex: slide > sliding
ride > riding / For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing.
Ex: die > dying
tie > tying / For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant, double thelast letter before adding ing.
Ex: beg > begging
begin > beginning.
However: enter > entering(last syllable is not stressed)

Examples

Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:Joggingis a hobby.

Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:Daniel quitsmokinga year ago.

Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition: I look forward tohelpingyou paint the house.

Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.

INFINITIVE

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.

EXAMPLES

Infinitives can be used as:

An object following the verb:Jim always forgetsto eat

A subject at the beginning of a sentence:To travelaround the world requires a lot of time and money.

An adverb modifying a verb:You promisedto buyme a diamond ring.

An adjective modifying a noun:Tara has the abilityto succeed.

GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:

Paul avoidsusingchemicals on the vegetables he grows.

Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:

Do you wantto callyour family now?

Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:

I convinced Catherineto becomevegetarian.

He advised meto sellall my shares of stock.

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in meaning:

Will you continueworkingafter you give birth?

Will you continueto workafter you give birth?

Some people prefergetting upearly in the morning.

Some people preferto get upearly in the morning

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund with a change in meaning:

He stoppeddrinkingcoffee. (He never drank coffee again.)

He stoppedto drinkcoffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)

He rememberedsendingthe fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)

He rememberedto sendthe fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)

I’ll never forget meeting that singer. (impossible to forget something happened in the past)

She always forget to bring the books. (forget to do something that should have been done)

UNIT 4: MY LIPS ARE SEALED

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

There are three types of the if-clauses.

Form

Typeif clausemain clause

1st (condition possible to fulfill)Simple Presentwill-future (or Modal + infinitive)

2nd (condition improbable to fulfill)Past simplewould + infinitive *

3rd (condition impossible to fulfil)Past Perfectwould + have + past participle *

Examples: 1st : If you buy the cake, I will bring the sandwiches.

2nd: If Sam read the book, he would like it

3rd: If the museum had opened the exhibition, we would have visited it today.

The sentence containing “if” can be the first or the second.

If I study, I will pass the exam. / I will pass the exam if I study.

If I were there by six o’clock, I would drive you to the airport.

I would drive you to the airport if I were there by six.

* We can substitutewouldforcouldormight (should,mayormustare sometimes possible, too).

So far you have only learned the basic rules for Conditional Sentences. Depending on the context other tenses different to the ones mentioned above can be used.

Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)

Condition refers to: / IF Clause / Main Clause
future action / Simple Present / If the book is interesting,… / Future I / …I will buy it.
Imperative / …buy it.
Modal Auxiliary / …you can buy it.
action going on now / Present Progressive / If he is snoring,… / Future I / …I will wake him up.
Imperative / …wake him up.
Modal Auxiliary / …you can wake him up.
finished action / Present Perfect / If he has moved into his new flat,… / Future I / …we will visit him.
Imperative / …visit him.
Modal Auxiliary / …we can visit him.
improbable action / should+ Infinitive / If she should win this race,… / Future I / …I will congratulate her.
Imperative / …congratulate her.
Modal Auxiliary / …we can congratulate her.
present facts / Simple Present / If he gets what he wants,… / Simple Present / …he is very nice.

Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)

Condition refers to: / IF Clause / Main Clause
present / future event / Simple Past / If I had a lot of money,… / Conditional I / …I would travel around the world.
consequence in the past / Simple Past / If I knew him,… / Conditional II / …I would have said hello.

Conditional Sentences Type III (impossible)

Condition refers to: / IF Clause / Main Clause
present / Past Perfect / If I had known it,… / Conditional I / …I would not be here now.
past / Past Perfect / If he had learned for the test,… / Conditional II / …he would not have failed it.

INVERSION IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Inversion in conditions is possible, in this case, they are more formal than the usual constructions.

In thefirst conditional, inversion can be applied usingshould:

If you feel hungry,.

If you should feel hungry,. (shouldform of the condition clause)

Should youfeel hungry, you can eat what you want.(inverted form)

In thesecond conditional, inversion is possible in the case where the verb iswere:

If she were here, everything would be easier. (usual condition clause)

Were shehere, everything would be easier. (inverted form)

In thethird conditional, the condition clause formed with the auxiliaryhadcan be inverted: