Unexpected Hydrogen Isotope Variation in Oceanic Pelagic Seabirds

For Submission to Oecologia

PeggyH. Ostrom1*, Anne E. Wiley 1,2, Sam Rossman1, Craig A. Stricker3, andHelen F. James2

1Department of Zoology, 203 Natural Science Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,USA

2Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC., USA

3U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA

*Corresponding author.

Telephone: (517) 353-9768

Fax: (517) 432-2789

Email:

Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Main effects andBonferroni pair-wise comparisons for the general linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the influence of island-age group, multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), and year (independent variables) on feather D values. The GLM did not assume equal variance among groups and calculated effective degrees of freedom with a Satterhawait approximation.

ESM Table 1A.Main Effects

Effect / Numerator DF / DenominatorDF / F Value / PrF
Group / 8 / 22.1 / 189.62 / 0.0001
MEI / 1 / 57.3 / 0.17 / 0.6826
year / 1 / 28.1 / 1.25 / 0.2730

ESM Table 1B.Bonferronipair-wise comparisons among island-age groups.A indicates adult birds; HY indicates hatch-year birds; HAPE indicates Hawaiian petrel; NESH indicates Newell’s shearwater.

Group 1 / Group 2 / Estimate / Std Error / DF / tvalue / p value
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Hawaii HY / 11.40 / 6.18 / 19.80 / 1.85 / 0.0799
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Kauai A / 6.24 / 5.76 / 28.80 / 1.08 / 0.2875
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Kauai HY / 90.52 / 5.10 / 22.40 / 17.75 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Lanai A / 4.87 / 8.07 / 14.70 / 0.60 / 0.5552
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Maui A / -3.28 / 5.30 / 27.30 / -0.62 / 0.5417
HAPE Hawaii A / HAPE Maui HY / 95.88 / 5.27 / 25.40 / 18.20 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii A / NESH Kauai A / 26.10 / 4.73 / 20.80 / 5.51 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii A / NESH Kauai HY / 81.91 / 4.89 / 22.40 / 16.74 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii HY / HAPE Kauai A / -5.16 / 6.10 / 20.50 / -0.85 / 0.4071
HAPE Hawaii HY / HAPE Kauai HY / 79.11 / 5.48 / 15.30 / 14.43 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii HY / HAPE Lanai A / -6.53 / 8.28 / 14.80 / -0.79 / 0.4424
HAPE Hawaii HY / HAPE Maui A / -14.68 / 5.60 / 17.00 / -2.62 / 0.0178
HAPE Hawaii HY / HAPE Maui HY / 84.47 / 5.61 / 16.80 / 15.06 / 0.0001
HAPE Hawaii HY / NESH Kauai A / 14.70 / 5.11 / 12.90 / 2.87 / 0.0131
HAPE Hawaii HY / NESH Kauai HY / 70.50 / 5.25 / 14.10 / 13.43 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai A / HAPE Kauai HY / 84.28 / 4.92 / 24.50 / 17.14 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai A / HAPE Lanai A / -1.37 / 7.70 / 12.50 / -0.18 / 0.8615
HAPE Kauai A / HAPE Maui A / -9.52 / 4.43 / 20.80 / -2.15 / 0.0437
HAPE Kauai A / HAPE Maui HY / 89.64 / 4.45 / 17.90 / 20.14 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai A / NESH Kauai A / 19.86 / 4.04 / 17.40 / 4.91 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai A / NESH Kauai HY / 75.67 / 4.51 / 22.50 / 16.77 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / HAPE Lanai A / -85.65 / 7.49 / 11.50 / -11.44 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / HAPE Maui A / -93.79 / 4.31 / 23.30 / -21.75 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / HAPE Maui HY / 5.36 / 4.32 / 21.80 / 1.24 / 0.2281
HAPE Kauai HY / NESH Kauai A / -64.42 / 3.69 / 19.30 / -17.48 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / NESH Kauai HY / -8.61 / 3.90 / 21.30 / -2.20 / 0.0386
HAPE Lanai A / HAPE Maui A / -8.15 / 7.31 / 10.60 / -1.11 / 0.2898
HAPE Lanai A / HAPE Maui HY / 91.01 / 7.36 / 10.80 / 12.36 / 0.0001
HAPE Lanai A / NESH Kauai A / 21.23 / 7.06 / 9.32 / 3.01 / 0.0142
HAPE Lanai A / NESH Kauai HY / 77.04 / 7.23 / 10.20 / 10.65 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui A / HAPE Maui HY / 99.15 / 3.87 / 19.40 / 25.61 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui A / NESH Kauai A / 29.38 / 3.35 / 19.80 / 8.78 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui A / NESH Kauai HY / 85.19 / 3.78 / 26.30 / 22.56 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui HY / NESH Kauai A / -69.78 / 3.41 / 16.80 / -20.45 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui HY / NESH Kauai HY / -13.97 / 3.85 / 20.80 / -3.63 / 0.0016
NESH Kauai A / NESH Kauai HY / 55.81 / 3.17 / 23.90 / 17.58 / 0.0001

Electronic Supplementary Material 2. Main effects and Bonferroni pair-wise comparisons for the general linear model (GLM)used to evaluate the influence of tissue and age on D of Hawaiian petrels. The GLM did not assume equal variance among groups and calculated effective degrees of freedom with a Satterhawait approximation.A indicates adult birds; HY indicates hatch-year birds.

ESM Table 2A. Main Effects

Effect / NumeratorDF / Denominator DF / F Value / PrF
Group / 5 / 15.8 / 482.95 / <.0001
ESM Table 2B. Bonferroni pair-wise comparisons for the Hawaiian petrel. A indicates adults; HY indicated hatch-year birds.
Group 1 / Group 2 / Estimate / Std Error / DF / tValue / Adj P
A Collagen / AFeather / 7.86 / 10.21 / 13.00 / 0.77 / 1.0000
A Collagen / AMuscle / 65.20 / 10.85 / 16.10 / 6.01 / 0.0003
ACollagen / HY Collagen / 65.10 / 12.22 / 18.00 / 5.33 / 0.0011
ACollagen / HY Feather / 99.48 / 10.22 / 13.10 / 9.73 / 0.0001
A Collagen / HY Muscle / 139.23 / 10.17 / 12.80 / 13.70 / 0.0001
A Feather / A Muscle / 57.34 / 4.70 / 15.10 / 12.20 / 0.0001
A Feather / HY Collagen / 57.24 / 7.33 / 7.07 / 7.81 / 0.0001
A Feather / HY Feather / 91.61 / 2.97 / 56.50 / 30.87 / 0.0001
A Feather / HY Muscle / 131.36 / 2.76 / 57.10 / 47.54 / 0.0001
A Muscle / HY Collagen / -0.10 / 8.20 / 10.30 / -0.01 / 1.0000
A Muscle / HY Feather / 34.27 / 4.73 / 15.30 / 7.24 / 0.0001
A Muscle / HY Muscle / 74.02 / 4.61 / 13.90 / 16.07 / 0.0001
HY Muscle / HY Feather / 34.38 / 7.35 / 7.14 / 4.68 / 0.0039
HY Collagen / HY Muscle / 74.13 / 7.27 / 6.84 / 10.20 / 0.0001
HY Feather / HY Muscle / 39.75 / 2.82 / 38.80 / 14.10 / 0.0001

Electronic Supplementary Material 3. Main effects and Bonferroni pair-wise comparisons for the general linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the influence of the following groups on D values: Maui hatch-year petrels, Kauai hatch-year petrels, adult Hawaiian petrels, adult Newell’s shearwaters, and fish and squid derived from adult Maui regurgitations. The GLM did not assume equal variance among groups and calculated effective degrees of freedom with a Satterhawait approximation.

ESM Table 3A. Main Effects
Effect / Numerator DF / Denominator DF / F Value / PrF
Group / 5 / 18.3 / 138.91 / 0.0001

ESM Table 3B.Bonferroni pair-wise comparisons.A indicates adult birds; HY indicates hatch-year birds; HAPE indicates Hawaiian petrel; NESH indicates Newell’s shearwater.

Group 1 / Group 2 / Estimate / Std Error / DF / tValue / Adj p
HAPE A / HAPE Kauai HY / 71.5455 / 5.0706 / 17.4 / 14.11 / 0.0001
HAPE A / HAPE Maui HY / 77.4318 / 4.4924 / 12.5 / 17.24 / 0.0001
HAPE A / NESH Ad / 42.0053 / 4.3804 / 11.5 / 9.59 / 0.0001
HAPE A / Squid / 75.658 / 4.6057 / 13.9 / 16.43 / 0.0001
HAPE A / Fish / 74.6818 / 4.8965 / 15.5 / 15.25 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / HAPE Maui HY / 5.8864 / 3.1978 / 15 / 1.84 / 1.0000
HAPE Kauai HY / NESH A / -29.5401 / 3.0385 / 13.5 / -9.72 / 0.0001
HAPE Kauai HY / Squid / 4.1126 / 3.3551 / 18.7 / 1.23 / 1.0000
HAPE Kauai HY / Fish / 3.1364 / 3.7444 / 17 / 0.84 / 1.0000
HAPE Kauai HY / NESH A / -35.4265 / 1.9243 / 15.2 / -18.41 / 0.0001
HAPE Maui HY / Squid / -1.7738 / 2.3932 / 24.1 / -0.74 / 1.0000
HAPE Maui HY / Fish / -2.75 / 2.9139 / 11.7 / -0.94 / 1.0000
NESH A / Squid / 33.6527 / 2.1757 / 32.7 / 15.47 / 0.0001
NESH A / Fish / 32.6765 / 2.7382 / 10.2 / 11.93 / 0.0001
Squid / Fish / -0.9762 / 3.0858 / 15.2 / -0.32 / 1.0000

Electronic Supplementary Material 4. Results of the general linear model (GLM) to evaluate differences in δD values as a function of species (Levels: Black-footed albatross, Laysan albatross, and Buller’s shearwater). The GLM did not assume equal variance among groups and calculated effective degrees of freedom with a Satterhawait approximation.

ESM Table 4A.Main Effects

Effect / NumeratorDF / Denominator DF / F Value / PrF
Species / 2 / 7.91 / 6.37 / 0.0225

Electronic Supplementary Material 5. Average D values, sample sizes, standard deviations, and standard errors for all populations and tissue types.

ESM Table 5A.Summary statistics for all data.A indicates adult birds; HY indicates hatch-year birds; HAPE indicates Hawaiian petrel; NESH indicates Newell’s shearwater.

Group (n) / Tissue / Mean D / Std Error / Std Dev
HAPE Hawaii A (14) / feather / 30.93 / 4.18 / 15.63
HAPE Hawaii HY (10) / feather / 19.00 / 4.78 / 15.10
HAPE Kauai A (12) / feather / 25.08 / 3.62 / 12.54
HAPE Kauai HY (12) / feather / -60.17 / 3.07 / 10.62
HAPE Lanai A (10) / feather / 25.10 / 6.09 / 19.25
HAPE Maui A (12) / feather / 32.00 / 2.55 / 8.83
HAPE Maui HY (10) / feather / -66.60 / 2.67 / 8.44
NESH Kauai A (13) / feather / 3.46 / 1.89 / 6.81
NESH Kauai HY (13) / feather / -52.23 / 2.42 / 8.73
HAPE A (Lanai, Maui, Kauai) (13) / collagen / 36.38 / 10.00 / 36.05
HAPE A (Lanai, Maui, Kauai, Hawaii) (48) / feather / 28.52 / 2.06 / 14.28
HAPE A (Lanai, Maui, Kauai) (11) / muscle / -28.82 / 4.22 / 14.00
HAPE HY (Maui, Kauai) (7) / collagen / -28.71 / 7.03 / 18.60
HAPE HY (Maui, Kauai) (22) / feather / -63.09 / 2.13 / 10.01
HAPE HY (Maui, Kauai) (19) / muscle / -102.84 / 1.84 / 8.02
Fish (from HAPE Maui) (8) / muscle / -103.50 / 2.48 / 7.01
Squid (from HAPE Maui) (21) / muscle / -104.48 / 1.84 / 8.42
HAPE Maui HY (8) / muscle / -106.25 / 1.53 / 4.33
HAPE Kauai HY (11) / muscle / -100.36 / 2.81 / 9.31
NESH Kauai A (17) / muscle / -70.82 / 1.16 / 4.80
Black-footed albatross (10) / feather / 4.10 / 4.72 / 14.5
Laysan albatross (6) / feather / -15.67 / 4.70 / 11.56
Buller’s shearwater (6) / feather / -40.83 / 17.3 / 42.37

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