Poetry

Two main forms of poetry: lyric and narrative

Lyric: Does not tell a story, but aims to express an emotion or a thought

Narrative: Tells a story in ballad (song) or an epic (long story)

Diction = Word choicemay help to reveal mood, tone, voice, theme

Approx rhyme = band and tan

End rhyme is used in determining rhyme scheme

Blank verse = iambic pentameter that does not rhyme

Rhyming couplet = two lines that rhyme

Internal Rhyme = rhyme within a line

Rhythm: beat of the poem

Free verse is a poem written without meter or rhyme

Iambic pentameter: 10 syllables, 5 meters of two syllables each, first syllable is unstressed-most of Romeo and Juliet is written in iambic pentameterTwo households, both alike in dignity

Figurative Language= Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Idiom

Refrain = Repeated line, phrase

Imagery = lines which appeal to the 5 senses

Fiction

Elements of fiction: exposition (setting, character, conflict), rising action, climax, falling action, resolution (denouement)

Flashback – reference to an earlier timeForeshadowing – hints to future events

Mood= how the reader feels Tone=how the author feels

POV

  • 1st person narrator
  • 3rd person omniscient – the reader knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters
  • 3rd person limited – the reader knows the thoughts and feelings

Unreliable narrator – narrator who, because of character flaw or bias, cannot tell story reliably

Irony

  • Verbal – when a character says one thing but means something different
  • Situational – when a contrast occurs between when would seem appropriate and what actually happens
  • Dramatic – when the reader knows something that the characters don’t know

Symbolism – something used to represent another

Allegory – a story which can be interpreted in two ways: literally, figuratively

Ambiguity – Unclear

CharacterCharacterization: Revealing personality by the following

  • Round: many character traits-Dialogue
  • Flat: one or two character traits-Physical description
  • Static: doesn’t change-Revealing thoughts and feelings
  • Dynamic: undergoes change-Revealing how others feel about the character

Nonfiction

5 w’s and how reveal significant details

Appeals- logical, emotional, ethical

Bias

Purpose: Inform, persuade, explain

Rhetorical writing: cannot be opposed (counterargument and call to action), repetition and alliteration

Primary Source = firsthand account Secondary Source= information received from textbooks, interviews; not firsthand

Connotation= meanings, associations, or emotions attached to some words – Skinny and thinand slender have the same denotation (dictionary definition), but their connotations are quite different. Skinny carries a negative connotation, but slender seems more like a compliment