Treaty of Westphalia 1648

French Revolution 1789

Revolutionary Wars 1789-1793

Napoleonic Wars 1801-1815

Napoleon Bonaparte (Bounaparte)

Congress of Vienna (summer 1815)

Concert of Europe

Alliances

Nationalisms

1820s and conservative reaction

1840s and nationalist revolts

1848

German unification

Italian unification

United Kingdom

Germany

France

Austria-Hungary

Russia

Rasputin

Ottoman Empire

Italy

Japan

United States

Serbia

Black Hand

1854-1856 Crimean War

1866 Austro-Prussian War

1866-1868 Danish Wars

1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

1899-1901 Boer War

1898-1900 Spanish-American War

1900 Boxer Rebellion

Balkans 1878- 1914 (1878, 1911-1913)

Imperialism

Socialism/Marxism

Karl Marx

Social Darwinism

Militarism

Dreadnought

Naval Race/Scare 1906-1914

Germany Navy Laws 1900, 1908

Alfred Thayer MAHAN

Alliances

Dual Alliance 1879

Triple Alliance 1881

Reinsurance Treaty 1890

Franco-Russian Entente 1894

Anglo-Japanese Naval Accord 1902

Anglo-French Entente 1904

Anglo-Russian Entente 1907

Encirclement

Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918)

Weltpolitik

Bismarck

Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)

King Edward VII (1901-1910)

King George V (1910-1936)

CRISES on the road to war

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Egypt 1898
US War with Spain 1898-1900
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Boer War 1899-1901
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
Morocco 1905-06, 1911
Balkan Wars 1911-1913

Italy vs. Ottoman 1911

Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece vs. Ottoman 1912

Serbia and Greece vs. Bulgaria

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Serbia

Black Hand

Alexander I of Serbia (1903)

King George of Greece (1913)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(June 28, 1914)

“blank cheque” (July 5, 1914)

ultimatums

Mobilisation

Sir Edward Grey

Belgium

Schlieffen Plan 1905

Somme

Ypres

Verdun

Passchendale

Vimy Ridge

Gallipoli

Trench warfare

Naval blockade

u-boat (submarines)

Lusitania (May 1915)

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

“too proud to fight”

“isolationism”

War debt

Allied vs. Central powers

Italy (1915)

Bulgaria (1915)

Rumania (1916)

Greece (1917)

United States (April 1917)

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

“unrestricted submarine warfare”

“peace without victory” (Jan. 1918)

Fourteen Points

Annexations
Reparations/indeminities
free trade
Colonies and territories
Autonomy (self determination)
League of Nations

Associate Power

Zemlya i volya (“Land and Liberty”)

Narodnaya Volya (“People’s Will”)

Czar Alexander II (1885)

Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Vladimir Ilyich ULYANOV (LENIN)

Marxism/Communism

Bolsheviks

Mensheviks

Kerensky

Russian Revolution

Feb./Mar. 1917
Oct./Nov. 1917

Leon TROTSKY

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)

Allied Intervention (spring 1918)

Michael Offensive (spring 1918)

Armistice (Nov. 11 1918)

Paris Peace Conference (Dec. 1918-Mar. 1919)

Treaty of Versailles (Germany)

St. Germain (Austria)

Neuilly (Bulgaria)

Trianon (Hungary)

Sevres (Turkey)

Big Four (Five)

Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd George

Georges Clemeanceau

Vittorio Orlando

Fourteen Points

Annexations
Reparations/indeminities
free trade
Colonies and territories
Autonomy (self determination)
League of Nations

Empire

“Mandates”

“Genocide” (i.e. Armenia 1915)

Yugoslavia

Silesia

Galicia

Polish Corridor

Danzig/Gdansk

Czechoslovakia

Sudetenland

Rhineland

Saar

A 231 (war guilt)

A 10 (League)

League of Nations

“isolationism”

Revisionism

Polish-Soviet War 1919-21

Yugoslav-Italian War 1922

Extremisms: communism, fascism (national socialism)

International Comintern

Benito MUSSOLINI

Fascisti

“black shirts”

March on Rome (1922)

Adolf HITLER

“Beer Hall” putsch (coup) Munich 1923

“Roaring 20s”

Gustav STRESEMANN

(Chancellor 1923-1926, Foreign Minister 1923-1929)

Weimar Republic 1919-1933

Ruhr Crisis 1923

Locarno 1925

Dawes 1925, Young 1928

ICJ

Mandates Commission

Washington Conference

Kellogg-Briand 1928

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922-1991

Vladmir IlyichUlyanov (alias Vladimir LENIN) 1870-1924

(ruled 1917-1924)

Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili (alias Joseph STALIN) 1875-1953

(ruled 1924*-1953)

Lev Davidovich Bronshtein (alias Leon TROTSKY) 1879-1940

Collectivization 1928-1940

1921 famine

kolkhozy(collective farms)

sovkhozy(state farms)

Kulaks

“Law of Spikelets”

Holodomor(“hungry mass death”)

1932-1933

Pogroms (purges) or Chistka (“cleansing”) 1921 on

1929

1932-1933

The “Great Purge” 1937-1938

Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del

(NKVD) 1934-1946

gulag

Great Depression

“Black Tuesday” (Oct. 29th 1929)

Smoot Hawley 1930

Herbert HOOVER (1929-1933)

Franklin Delano ROOSEVELT (FDR) (1933-1945)

“New Deal”

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Good Neighbour policy

Adolf HITLER (1933-1945)

Mein Kampf

Aryan

Lebensraum

Freikorps

Nationalist Socialists (NAZI)

Von Papen

Hindenburg

Nuremberg Laws 1935

Kristallnacht 1938

Reichstag

Ernst ROHM

“Night of the Long Knives”

Schutzstaffel (SS)

Wermacht

Luftwaffe

Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)

Abwehr

League of Nations

Manchurian Crisis 1931

Disarmament conference 1933

Rearmanent

London Naval Conf. 1935

Poland 1934

Austria 1934

Andreas Dollfuss

MUSSOLINI

STRESA CONFERENCE (Apr. 1935)

Hoare- Laval Pact

ABYSSINIAN CRISIS 1935-36

Selassie

Saar 1935

Rhineland 1936

Rome Berlin Axis 1936

Anti Comintern Pact 1937

Popular Front

Spanish Civil War 1936

Nationalists

Francisco FRANCO

Republicans

Guernica

Austria (Jan-Mar 1938)

Schussnigg

Anschluss (March 1938)

Sudetenland (May- Sep. 1938)

Heinlein

Munich Conference (Sep. 1938)

Chamberlain

Daladier

Poland

Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop)

August 23 1939

Shogun

Samurai

Bushido

Matthew PERRY

MEIJI RESTORATION

Emperor HIRIHITO

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Boxer Rebellion 1900

Anglo-Japanese Naval Treaty 1902

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Korea 1910

Chinese Revolution 1911

Manchu/Qing

WWI 1914-1918

“Open Door”

21 Demands (1915)

Paris Conference 1918-1919

Racial Equality Clause

Disarmament

Washington Conference 1921-22

5 Power Treaty

9 Power Treaty

Non-fortification

Anglo-Japanese Naval Treaty

Moderates/Civilian government/Modernists

Traditionalists/Militarists

Cherry Blossom Society

Imperial Way

Kwantung Army

Manchuria 1931

Chinese Civil War 1922-1949

Nationalists (Kuomintang)

Communists

JIANG Jie Shi (CHIANG Kai Shek)

Soong

MAO Zedong (MAO Tse Tung)

warlords

Mukden (sep. 1931)

Lytton Commission 1932

Manchukuo

Henry PU YI

Zaibatsu

Army vs. Navy

Marco Polo Bridge (July 1937)

Quarantine Speech (Oct. 1937)

Nanking (Nanjing) (Dec. 1937)

“Rape of Nanking”

Anti-Cominterm Pact 1937

Tripartite Pact 1941

Non-Aggression Pact w USSR (Apr 1941)

“Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere”

French Indochina

Embargoes

WWII Asia July 1937- September 1945

WWII Europe September 1939- May 1945

AXIS vs. ALLIED

“TOTAL WAR”

Einsatzgruppen / Einsatzkommando

Blitzkrieg

Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop)

August 23 1939

Poland (Sep-Oct 1939)

“Phoney War” (Sitzkrieg) (Oct.39 – Mar, 40)

Russo-Finnish War (Nov. 39- Mar. 40) Winter War (Unknown War)

Norway (April 1940)

Benelux (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) May 1940

France (May-June 1940)

Maginot Line (1930-1940)

DUNKIRK (May 1940)

“Fall of France”

Vichy

Petain

“Free French”

De Gaulle

French Indochina

Winston CHURCHILL

Operation Sea Lion

Luftwaffe

Royal Air Force (RAF)

BATTLE OF BRITAIN

“the Blitz” (Sep-Nov. 1940)

radar

Franklin D. ROOSEVELT (FDR)

(1933-1945)

Neutrality Acts

Bases for Destroyers (July 1940)

Lend-Lease Act (March 1941, October 1941)

Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

U-boats

Enigma

U-110 (March 1941)

ULTRA

BALKANS

Albania (Sep. 1939)

Greece (Oct. 1940)

Yugoslavia (Mar. 1941)

German occupation (spring 1941)

NORTH AFRICA

Egypt (spring 1940)

German occupation (winter 1941)

Erwin ROMMEL

USSR

Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

Richard SORGE

“scorched earth”

STALIN

“directives”

Soviet military command

Einsatzgruppen / Einsatzkommando

Russo-Japanese Non-Aggression Pact (Apr. 1941)

Embargoes

Hideki TOJO

Yosokuru YAMAMATO

Pearl Harbour (Dec. 7 1941)

Hong Kong

Singapore

Batavia

Philippines

MIDWAY (May-June 1942)

STALINGRAD (June 1942-February 1943)

EL ALAMEIN (Oct. 1942)

Operation Torch

“Atlantic Wall”

Dieppe (August 1942)

Mark CLARK

Sicily (July 1943)

Mussolini (Aug. 1943)

Italy

Anzio, Salerno

Monte Cassino

Rome

Gustav Line

Soviet advance: “race to Berlin”

American “island hopping”

Strategic Bombing

WAR CONFERENCES

QUEBEC (Aug. 1943)

TEHRAN (Dec. 1943)

“second front”

MOSCOW (Oct. 1944)

“percentages agreement”

OPERATION OVERLORD

D-DAY (June 6, 1944)

Normandy

Rome (June 4, 1944)

Paris (Aug. 19 1944)

Operation Market-Garden

“FINAL SOLUTION”

Reinhard HEYDRICH

Wannsee Conference (Jan. 1942)

Einstazgruppen (June 1941-July 1943)

Babi Yar (Kiev) (Sep. 1941)

Holocaust

Lager

Stammlager

Prisoner vs. labour vs. extermination

Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Treblinka, Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Bergen-Belsen etc. etc. etc.

Trains

Bureaucracy: SS, RHSA, Economic Ministry, State, Wermacht

Resource allocation

“economy” of camps: resources, methodology, speed, urgency

IG Farben

Zylon B

Medical/biological experimentation

Resistance

Warsaw Ghetto

YALTA (Feb. 1945)

“spheres of influence”

“salami socialism”

Harry TRUMAN (1945-1953)

Manhattan Project

BERLIN (April 1945)

VE Day (May 7-8, 1945)

POTSDAM (July 1945)

Iwo Jima

Okinawa

Tokyo

Hiroshima (Aug. 6 1945)

Nagasaki (Aug. 9 1945)

VJ Day (Sep. 2 1945)

United Nations

War crimes

Nuremberg (Nov. 1945-Oct. 1946)

International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) (May 46-Nov. 48)

Cold War