Vitamin A / Carrot, spinach, kale, apricots, papaya, mango, liver1 / 700 – 1300*1
Vitamin C / Peppers, orange, kiwifruit, berries, brussels sprouts1 / 65-120 mg/day1
Vitamin B9 / Spinach, broccoli, asparagus, beans, peas, citrus fruits, liver1 / 400-600 g/day1
Vitamin E / Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, spinach, broccoli, kiwifruit1 / 15-19 mg/day1
Iron / Red meat, fish, poultry, soybeans, lentils, beans1 / 8-27 mg/day1
Zinc / Seafood, meat, poultry, beans, nuts, whole grains1 / 8-13 mg/day1
Selenium / Nuts and peanuts, seafood, some meats and cereals1 / 55-70 g/day1
Calcium / Dairy products, nuts, chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli1 / 1000-1300 mg/day1
Lysine / Casein, beef, fish, egg, field pea, dry bean, carrot, apple3 / 1734 – 3621 mg/day2
Threonine / Casein, fish, chicken, egg, mushroom, potato, corn, fieldpea3 / 918 – 1917 mg/day2
Tryptophan / Casein, egg, milk, cheese, cabbage, drybean, mushroom, sorghum3 / 238 - 497 mg/day2
Methionine / Cheese, egg, beef, casein, rice, corn, banana, carrot3 / 850 - 1775 mg/day2
Cysteine / Egg, beef, chicken, wheat, banana, sorghum, rice, corn3
Linoleic acid / Fish, shellfish, seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables4 / 11-17 g/day2
Linolenic acid / 1.0 – 1.6 g/day2
Online Resources
Online Resource1: Food sources of organic and inorganic micronutrients
*Recomended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin A are listed as micrograms (g) of Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) to account for the different biological activities of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids.
1Office of Dietary Supplements (2011) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
2 Trumbo et al. (2002) J Am Diet Assoc 102:1621-1630
3 Sosulski and Imafidon (1990) J Agric Food Chem 38:1351-1356
4 Calder and Deckelbaum (2011) Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care 14:113-114
Online Resource 2: Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants and its equivalent steps in bacteria on the left(Farré et al.2011b)
Abbreviations:IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; IPPI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LYCB, lycopene β-cyclase; LYCE, lycopene ε-cyclase; CYP97C, carotene ε-hydroxylase; HYDB, β-carotene hydroxylase; CRTE, bacterial geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; CRTB, bacterial phytoene synthase; CRTI, bacterial phytoene desaturase/isomerase; CRTY, bacterial lycopene cyclase; CRTZ, bacterial β-carotene hydroxylase.
Online Resource 3: Ascorbate biosynthetic, catabolic and recycling pathways in plants (modified from Naqvi et al. 2009b)
Abbreviations:
PMM, Phosphomannomutase; GDP, Guanosine diphosphate; GMP, GTP Mannose Pyrophosphorolase; GME, GTP-Mannose-3,5-epimerase; GGT, L-Galactose Guanyltransferase; GGP, GDP-L-Galactose phosphorylase; GPP, L-Galactose -1-P-Phosphatase; GDH, L-Galactose Dehydrogenase; GalDH, L-Galactono-1,4-lactone Dehydrogenase; MiOX, myo-Inositol Oxidase; AO, Ascorbate oxidase; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase; DHAR, Dehydroascorbate reductase; MDHAR, Monodehydroascorbate reductase; GLOase, L-gulono γ-lactone oxidase; AL,aldonolactonase; MegalUA, D-galacturonate reductase; GalUR, D-galacturonate reductase;vtc1, Arabidopsis thalianaGTP Mannose Pyrophosphorolase;vtc2, Arabidopsis thalianaGDP-L-Galactose phosphorylase;vtc 4,Arabidopsis thalianaL-Galactose -1-P-Phosphatase.
Online Resource 4: Simplified scheme of the folate biosynthesis pathway in plants (Naqvi et al. 2009b)
Abbreviations
GTP, Guanosine triphosphate; DHN, dihydroneopterin;GCHI, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I; -P/-PP/-PPP, mono/di/triphosphate; DHM, dihydromonapterin; HMDHP,hydroxymethyldihydropterin; ADC,aminodeoxychorismate;ADCS,aminodeoxychorismatesynthase; PABA, p-aminobenzoate.
Online Resource 5:Tocopherol biosynthesis in plants (modified from Farré et al., DOI 10.1007/s11248-012-9601-7)
Abbreviations
HGA, homogentisic acid; PDP, phytyldiphosphate; MEP, methylerythritol phosphate; HPT, homogentisate phytyltransferase; HGGT, homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase; GGDP, Geranylgeranyl diphosphate; HPP,ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid; MPBQ, 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol; DMPBQ,2,3-dimethyl-5-phytylbenzoquinol; MGGBQ, 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol; DMGGBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-5-geranylgeranylplastoquinol; HPPD, HPP dioxygenase; GGDR, Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase; MPBQ-MT, MPBQ methyltransferase;MGGBQ-MT, MGGBQmethyltransferase; TC, tocopherol cyclase; γ–TMT, γ-tocopherol methyltransferase; TyrA, Prephanate dehydrogenase;pds1, Arabidopsis thalianaHPPD;Vte2, Arabidopsis thalianaHPT;Vte3,Arabidopsis thalianaMPBQ-MT;Vte1, Arabidopsis thalianaTC;Vte4,Arabidopsis thalianaγ–TMT.
Online Resource6:Orphan crops: production and opportunities for their nutritional enhancement
Crop / World / Developing+ / Nutritional improvement / ReferenceArea 1000 Ha / Production 1000 Mt / Area 1000 Ha / Production 1000 Mt
Bananas / 4802 / 102115 / 3500 / 72774 / Fe, Vit A, Vit E / GCGH (2011)
Beans, dry / 29882 / 23229 / 22125 / 15020 / Fe, Zn / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Cassava / 18419 / 228549 / 14654 / 170347 / Fe, Zn, Vit A / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Welsch et al. (2010) Plant Cell 22:3348–3356
Chick peas / 11989 / 10943 / 10212 / 9107 / Fe, Zn (pest res.) / Zuo and Zhang (2009) Agron Sust Devel 29:63-71
Cow peas / 10563 / 5568 / 10535 / 5477 / Fe, Zn / Hemalatha et al. (2006) Food Chem 102:1328-1336
Fonio / 602 / 531 / 602 / 531 / (Zn?) (low mineral content) / Obilana (2003) AFRIPRO, Pretoria, South Africa, 2-4 April 2003
Groundnut / 24085 / 37665 / 22790 / 33995 / Vit A / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Lentils / 4180 / 4641 / 1957 / 1571 / Se, Fe, Zn / Thavarajah et al. (2008) Agric Food Chem 56:10747-10753; Thavarajah et al. (2009) Agric Food Chem 57:5413-5419
Millets / 35128 / 29172 / 34593 / 28492 / Fe, Zn / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Pigeon peas / 4753 / 3680 / 4749 / 3678 / Vit A / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Plantains / 5395 / 36562 / 4902 / 32690 / Vit A / African Agricultural Technology Foundation (2003) Meeting report, Kampala, Uganda
Quinoa / 86 / 71 / 86 / 71 / Rich in minerals (Vit A?) / John and Eyzaguirre (2007) Food Policy 32:1-24
Sorghum / 40509 / 55647 / 34254 / 17066 / Lys, Vit A, Fe, Zn / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Sweet potato / 8100 / 106580 / 7739 / 101895 / Vit A / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal; Nestel et al. (2006) J Nutr 136:1064-1067
Yam / 4776 / 48701 / 4723 / 47872 / Vit A / IFPRI and CIAT (2002) Challenge Program Proposal
Source for entire table: FAOSTAT (2010)
+Developing Countries includes the following FAOSTAT groupings: Net Food Importing Developing Countries, Low Income Food Deficit Countries, Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing Countries (FAOSTAT