Transformations in Asia

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. Civil War in China
  1. In 1911, the imperial dynasty of the Qing had been ______
  2. A Chinese Republic, governed by the Nationalist (Kuomintang) Party
  3. Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), a ______leader, was president
  4. Republic quickly disintegrated and military officers continued to govern Beijing until the early 1920s while the rest of China slipped into anarchy
  5. Warlords and bandits took control of most of the ______
  6. Chinese Communist Party (CCP), founded by radicals at ______University in 1921, also became a major force
  7. An external threat came from Japan, whose imperial ambitions grew
  8. Also clash between traditional values and the desire for ______
  9. Confucian ideas versus concepts such as democracy, technology, science
  10. May 4, 1919, thousands of students came to ______Square in Beijing to protest against the military government
  11. Cause of May Fourth Movement was government’s willingness to allow Japan to annex Shantung Province, Germany’s former concession in China
  12. Nationalists and Communists drove warlords from power but then battled one another for control of China (______War)
  13. When Sun Yat-sen died, leadership of Kuomintang left to Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), a Western-educated officer – farther to the right of Sun
  14. Chiang Kai-shek turned against the ______
  15. Chiang proclaimed allegiance to Sun’s Three People’s ______(nationalism, democracy, people’s livelihood or socialism) but not fully
  16. But Mao kept CCP alive, leading it on ______March (1934-1935), to north
  17. Mao’s strategymake communism appealing to China’s vast peasant masses, rather than concentrating on small industrial working class in cities
  18. In 1937, Japanese invaded mainland Chinathree-way conflict: Nationalists, CCP, and JapaneseBut communist victory in ______
  1. From Militarism to Defeat to Democracy: Japan
  1. 1920s, power of Diet (Japanese ______) increased, and political parties became more meaningfully competitive
  2. Universal male suffrage and a bill of rights was granted in 1925
  3. But upper-class retained its oligarchical outlook and ______ran high
  4. Most of Japan’s industrial might concentrated in hands of a small number of corporate conglomerates called zaibatsu
  5. Wealth in the hands of a tiny number of rich and powerful ______and capitalists, rather than benefiting the entire population
  6. And imperial aggression and Great Depression derailed democratization

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. Right-wing nationalist Kita Ikki“Asia for the ______,” calling for expulsion of Britain and France from Southeast and South Asia
  2. 1931, Japan seized Manchuria from China, turning it into puppet kingdom, Manchukuo, ruled by Henry Pu-yi, China’s last emperor before 1911
I.Shortly afterward, Japan withdrew from the League of ______
J. By 1941, Hideki Tojo, had gained control of the parliamentary government
K. The military was able to dominate the young emperor, ______, who had taken the throne in 1926
L. Japanese began a full-scale war in Asia in 1937
M. “Rape of Nanjing” in December 1937 included the massacre of 200,000 to 300,000 noncombatants, including women and children
N. Southeast AsiaJapan attempted to drive out French and British, Japanese empire referred to as Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity ______
O. Japan was eventually defeated in the Second World War, U.S.A. forces occupied Japan from 1945-1952, and a ______constitution and women’s suffrage was given
III. India
  1. Indian National Congress (later the Congress Party, founded in 1885)
  2. In 1919, at ______, British troops fired on unarmed protestors, killing 379 and wounding 1,137
  3. Mohandas K. GandhiMahatma of “Great Soul”preached policy of nonviolent resistance to British ______
  4. Based partly on Hindu religious principles, this policy was called satyagraha, or “hold to truth”
  5. When British imposed a high tax on the salt they sold to India, rather than protest violently, Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200-mile ______to the seashore, where they began to make salt illegally by drying out seawater
  6. Civil disobedience (breaking an ______law and facing the consequences) and boycotts (refusing to buy a product such as British cloth in protest of injustice) used
  7. Jawaharlal Nehru was a political leader of the ______, and Gandhi’s working partner
  8. In 1937, Gandhi and Nehru began their “Quit India” campaign, trying to convince the British to leave ______
I.The advent of World War II delayed the British withdrawal, but India would gain its freedom in 1947, soon after the war
J. But although during World War I, with the Lucknow Pact of 1916, Muslims and Hindus had pledged to work together for greater ______from the British, they began to go separate ways during the 1920s
K. By 1930, a Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had formed
L. The Muslim League called for the creation of a ______Muslim state called Pakistan, or “land of the pure”
M. British agreed to partition the subcontinent into a Muslim-dominated Pakistan in the subcontinent’s northwest corner and a Hindu-dominated ______
N. But rioting and violence often ensued
Summaries:

Questions:

  1. Gandhi and Nehru opposed the partition of India because
(A)It would leave Hindu India surrounded by Muslim states.
(B)It would deprive India of some of its most valuable land.
(C)They mistrusted Muhammad Ali and the Muslim League.
(D)They believed that India could be a successful multicultural state.
(E)All of the above.
  1. Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by
(A)A Muslim extremist.
(B)A Hindu extremist.
(C)A British nationalist.
(D)A disgruntled follower.
(E)A Brahmin.
  1. India and Pakistan soon went to war over
(A)Bangladesh.
(B)Bengal.
(C)Kashmir.
(D)The Punjab.
(E)The Indus River Valley.
  1. The nonalignment movement failed because
(A)Of a lack of vision or leadership among member states.
(B)Too few states attended the Bandung Conference to achieve consensus.
(C)Many nonaligned states needed and accepted aid from either the United States or Soviet Union.
(D)Many new states were afraid to alienate the United States.
(E)All of the above. /
  1. As a result of the Cultural Revolution in China,
(A)The educated elite were persecuted, and China was deprived of their talent.
(B)Peasant farmers killed so many sparrows that the ecological balance was thrown off.
(C)Student demonstrators in Tiananmen Square were crushed by government troops.
(D)The nation achieved industrialization within a generation.
(E)The Red Guard was discredited.
  1. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated because
(A)She pursued aggressive birth control policies.
(B)She permitted an attack on Sikh extremists at the sacred Golden Temple.
(C)She refused to consider the partition of Kashmir.
(D)She insisted that untouchables be fully integrated into Indian society.
(E)She suspended the constitution for two years and ruled without being elected.
  1. Egyptian president Gamel Abdel Nasser gained great international prestige when
(A)He negotiated a peace settlement with Israel.
(B)He succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British.
(C)He aligned Egypt with the United States.
(D)He aligned Egypt with the Soviet Union.
(E)he reclaimed the Sinai Peninsula from Israel.

Marxism, Capitalism and India’s Future (1941): Jawaharlal Nehru
“As our struggle toned down and established itself at a low level, there was little of excitement in it, except at long intervals. My thoughts traveled more to other countries, and I watched and studied, as far as I could in jail, the world situation in the grip of the great depression. I read as many books as I could find on the subject, and the more I read the more fascinated I grew. India with her problems and struggles became just a part of this mighty world drama, of the great struggle of political and economic forces that was going on everywhere, nationally and internationally. In that struggle my own sympathies went increasingly toward the communist side. I had long been drawn to socialism and communism, and Russia had appealed to me. Much in Soviet Russia I dislike-the ruthless suppression of all contrary opinion, the wholesale regimentation, the unnecessary violence (as I thought) in carrying out various policies. But there was no lack of violence and suppression in the capitalist world, and I realized more and more how the very basis and foundation of our acquisitive society and property was violence. Without violence it could not continue for many days. A measure of political liberty meant little indeed when the fear of starvation was always compelling the vast majority of people everywhere to submit to the will of the few, to the greater glory and advantage of the latter. Violence was common in both places, but the violence of the capitalist g order seemed inherent in it; while the violence of Russia, bad though it was aimed at a new order based on peace and cooperation and real freedom for the masses. With all her blunders, Soviet Russia had triumphed over enormous difficulties and taken great strides toward this new order While the rest of the world was in the grip of the depression and going backward in some ways, in the Soviet country a great new world was being built up before our eyes. Russia, following the great Lenin, looked into the future and thought only of what was to be, while other countries lay numbed under the dead hand of the past and spent their energy in preserving the useless relics of a bygone age. In particular, I was impressed by the reports of the great progress made by the backward regions of Central Asia under the Soviet regime. In the balance, therefore, I was all in favor of Russia, and the presence and example of the Soviets was a bright and heartening phenomenon in a dark and dismal world. But Soviet Russia's success or failure, vastly important as it was as a practical experiment in establishing a communist state, did not affect the soundness of the theory of communism. The Bolsheviks may blunder or even fail because of national or international reasons, and yet the communist theory may be correct. On the basis of that very theory it was absurd to copy blindly what had taken place in Russia, for its application depended on the particular conditions prevailing in the country in question and the stage of its historical development. Besides, India, or any other country, could profit by the triumphs as well as the inevitable mistakes of the Bolsheviks. Perhaps the Bolsheviks had tried to go too fast because, surrounded as they were by a world of enemies, they feared external aggression. A slower tempo might; avoid much of the misery caused in the rural areas. But then the question rose if really radical results could be obtained by slowing down the rate of change. Reformism was an impossible solution of any vital problem at a critical moment when the basic structure had to be changed, and, however slow the progress might be later on, the initial step must be a complete break with the existing order…”

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:India from 1868 to 1965 ______