TRAKIA UNIVERSITY –STARA ZAGORA
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
ACCREDITATION:
DEAN:
(...... )
/Prof. M. Luzkanov, DSci/
C U R R I C U L U M
Discipline / Systematic Anatomy of domestic animalsSpeciality / Veterinary Medicine, 64.
Higher education area / Agricultural sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 6
Professional area / Veterinary Medicine, 64
Discipline’s status / Xobligatory selectable facultative
Course / І,ІІ
Semester / І,ІІ,ІІІ
Educational Qualification Degree / XMaster
Knowledge verification form / Xwritten examination, test, Xpractical examination
Discussed at a department meeting /
Protocol No 8 /11/11/2016.
Discussed at ameeting of the Education committee /Protocol No 1 /23/11/2016
Accredited at adepartment meeting /Protocol No 8 /11/11/2016
Confirmed at a meeting of the Faculty Council /Protocol No 10 /19/12/2016
Stara Zagora, 2016
EDUCATION PROGRAM
1. SAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL PLAN
Discipline code / Semester / Horarium/hours/ / Weekly employment /hours/ / Final control / Course credits from auditory processing training / Course credits from extracurricular activities / Total of Course credits
Presentation type
1. LECTURES / І, ІІ, ІІІ / 80 academic hours / 5,3 / Written examination / 9 / 9 / 18
2. PRACTICALS / І,ІІ,ІІІ / 145 academic hours / 9,6 / Written examination
3. EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
2. Leader of Discipline:Assoc. Prof. Dr.Rosen Dimitrov PhD
Other lecturers:
Prof. Dr.Ahgel Vodenicharov PhD, DSci
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Dimitar Kostov PhD
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Diyana Vladova PhD
Practical trainers:
1. Chief Assistant Professor Dr. Penka Yonkova, PhD
2.Chief Assistant Professor Dr.Kamelia Stamatova-Yovcheva, PhD
3. Assistant Professor Hristo Hristov
4.Assistant Professor Genadi Kostadinov
5. Assistant Professor Nikolai Tsandev
3. CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
A N N O T A T I O N
Anatomy is a general biological science, a part of Morphology. It is closely connectedto Medicine. It studies the microscopic structure of the organisms. Veterinary Anatomy is a branch of the General Science for life and biology. It aims to study the composition of the animal body. Its tasks include the rules which the organism subjects and the relations, which determine the features of the anatomical objects. The mammals are the most developed organisms of the live matter. They differ to their complexity and qualitative variety.
Systematic Anatomy of domestic animals is the first professional basic discipline in Veterinary Medicine education. The education in Veterinary Anatomy aims the students to obtain knowledge about the structure of the animal organism, which could be useful for the education in the other Veterinary medical disciplines and veterinary practice. The Anatomy as biologic science considers to the general biological principles and rules, which are characteristic for the live organisms. Therefore, the students obtain new medical knowledge, which enrich their biological knowledge in general.
Systematic Anatomy of the domestic animalsstudiesthe form and structure of the animal body by organs and systems. It has the following units: Anatomy of the locomotor apparatus – Osteology – it studies the bones, Arthrology – it studies the joints, Myology – it studies the muscles; Splanchnology – it studies the viscera; Anatomy of the cardiovascular system; Anatomy of the nervous system; Anatomy of the sense organs.
Education program is considered to the students’ knowledge in Biology in the Secondary School, on one side, on the other side to the most contemporary challenges, which the practice poses to the veterinarian. So, the education material for the students is deprived to exceptional details. The students interest the most characteristic, the most important and the most necessary. During the training course the anatomy of the ruminants, horse, pig, carnivores, rabbit and bird predominates. The terminology is totally referred to the last issue of the Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria). It is focused on the organs and systems, which are objects of the Veterinary medical clinical and diagnostic activity. It includesthe relation between the different organs, systems, and apparatus; the relationship between organism and environment. The education program adds knowledge in Imaging Anatomy of the animals, which presents and studies the images of the biological objects. A contemporary computed methodological dissection of the normal structures is conducted.
The course of lectures aims to felicitate the students for easy understanding and assimilation the matter for the practice and self-preparation with available literature. A part of anatomical education is not included in the lecture courses, as it is comprised only in practice. This is due to the nature and specific of the theoretical and practical education in Systematic Anatomy and Imaging Anatomy.
The practice focus on the composition of the organs, structures on fresh, dry and humid preparations and anatomical images. The students participate actively during the practical lessons. They study basic anatomical features of the organs and their species specifics. Each student has a proper work place and enough cadaveric material.
3.1. auditory processing training
3.1.1. LECTURES
WINTER SEMESTER OF THE 1ST COURSE (1ST SEMESTER)
SUBJECT No 1. INTRODUCTION IN ANATOMY.LOCOMOTORY APPAPRUS. SKELATAL SYSTEM.
ANNOTATION:Subject, methods and objects in Anatomy. Definition, development, and branches. Parts of the animal body, and whole organism. Organism and environment. Unity between form, structure and function. Principals in the composition of Vertebrates. Anatomical terminology and nomenclature. Anatomical methods for studying biological objects. Functional definition of skeleton. Cartilage as organ. Shape, size and structure of the bones. Bone as organ. Chemical composition and physical properties of the bones. Development and structure of skeleton.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 2.SKELETON. AXIAL SKELETON. BONES OF THE TRUNK.
ANNOTATION:Spine. General structure of vertebra.Vertbral column. Different types of vertebra. Specifics in the structure of cervical, thoracic and lumbar sacral and coccygeal veretebrae. Ribs, costal arch, sternum and thorax. Species and age specifics.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 3. APPENDICULAR SKELETON. THORACIC LIMB’S BONES. SHOULDER (PECTORAL) GIRDLE.
ANNOTATION:Member girdle. Shoulder (pectoral) girdleof domestic animals. Shoulderblade (scapula), clavicle, coracoid. Reduction of the bones and species specifics.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 4.BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB (FORELIMB).
ANNOTATION:Skeleton of the thoracic limb. Humerus. Forearm bones. Carpal bones. Metacarpal bones. Distal phalanxes. Sesamoid bones. Reduction of the bones.Species specifics.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 5.BONES OF THE HINDLIMB (PELVIC LIMB). PELVIC GIRDLE.
ANNOTATION:Pelvic girdlein domestic animals. Pelvis bones – ilium, pubis and ischium.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 6. HIP BONE. PELVIS AND PELVIC CAVITY.
ANNOTATION:Hip bone. Pelvis in general. Gender and species specifics.Age specifics.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 7. SKELETON OF THE PELVIC LIMB.
ANNOTATION: Femur. Crus bones. Tarsal bones. Metatarsal bones. Distal phalanxes.Sesamoid bones.Reduction of the bones.Species specifics.
DURATION:1hour.
SUBJECT No 8. SKELETON OF THE HEAD.SKULL.
ANNOTATION:General data for the head skeleton.Skull and face.Cranial bones – occipital bone, sphenoidal bone, pterygoid bone, temporal bone, interparietal bone, parietal bone, ethmoidal bone, and vomer. Species specificsand age changes.
DURATION:1hour
SUBJECT No 9. FACIAL BONES.
ANNOTATION:Facial bones– nasal bone, lacrimal bone, maxilla, incisive bone, rostral bone, palate bone and zygomatic bone.Nasal conchal bones. Mandibulla and hyoid apparatus(bone).Species specificsand age changes.
DURATION:1hour
SUBJECT No 10. HEAD SKELETON AS WHOLE.
ANNOTATION: Head skeleton as whole. Occipital plane. Dorsal wall. Lateral walls. Ventral wall. Frontal cavity. Nasal cavity.Paranasal sinuses. Species specificsand age changes.
DURATION:1hour
SUBJECT No 11. SKELETON OF DOMESTIC BIRDS.
ANNOTATION:General principles of the birds’ body structure. Features of the structure of the head skeleton, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Thoracic girdle and wing. Pelvic girdle. Pelvis. Bones of the pelvic limb.
DURATION:1hour
SUBJECT No 12.IMAGING ANATOMICAL PRESENTATION OF THE NORMAL BONE OBJECTS.
ANNOTATION:Basic methods and energy sources, appropriate to obtain anatomical images of skeleton regions. Representing of anatomical images, obtained by X-ray roentgenology, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
DURATION:1hour
SUBJECT No 13. ARTHROLOGY.TYPES OF JOINTS.
ANNOTATION:Bones’ joints in general.Types of joints. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints.
DURATION: 1 hour.
SUBJECT No 14. SYNOVIAL JOINT.
ANNOTATION:Synovial joint. Articulation’s structure. Elements of the articulations and their biomechanics.
DURATION: 1 hour.
SUBJECT No 15. MORPHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINTS. SYNOVIAL JOINTS TYPES.
ANNOTATION:Morphological functional characteristics of the synovial joints (articulations). Articulations’ types. General data for specifics of the joints of skull bones, spine, thorax and members.
DURATION: 1 hour.
TOTAL SEMESTER HORARIUM:16hours
SUMMER SEMESTER OF THE 1ST COURSE (2ND SEMESTER)
SUBJECT No 16. MYOLOGY
ANNOTATION:Muscle tissue and muscles in general. Muscle function. The muscle as organ. Shape and size of the muscles. Functional structure of the muscle. Muscle activity and biomechanics of the skeletal muscles. Additional structures of the muscles. Tendons. Fascias. Tendinous arches and vaginas. Synovial vaginas and sacculations. Muscular plate. General data for the specifics of the muscular groups in the different parts of the animal body.
DURATION:3 hours.
SUBJECT No 17. VISCERA
ANNOTATION:Viscera in general.Principal structure of the viscera. Body cavities. Thoracic cavity. Pleura and pleural cavities.Mediastinum. Abdominal cavity. Division of the abdominal cavity. Pelvic cavity. Peritoneum and peritoneal structures. Retroperitoneal spaces. Species features of the body cavities.
DURATION:3 hours.
SUBJECT No 18.DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. ORAL CAVITY.
ANNOTATION:Digestive apparatusin general. Oral cavity. Oral cavity – subdivision and walls. Lips. Cheeks. Gums. Hard and soft palate. Teeth. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 19. DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. TONGUE. SALIVARY GLANDS. OESOPHAGUS.
ANNOTATION:Tongue. Major and minor salivary glands. Pharynx. Lymph (lymphoid and lymph reticular) structures of the oral cavity, soft palate and pharynx. Oesophagus. Border between pharynx and oesophagus. Oesophagus subdivision and structure. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 20. DIGESTIVE CANAL. STOMACH.
ANNOTATION:Stomach. Structure in general. Simple, complex, one-chamber and multi-chamber stomach. Structure of the wall. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 21. DIGESTIVE CANAL.SMALL INTESTINES.
ANNOTATION:General structure of the intestines. Subdivision. Small intestine – specifics of the position of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the animal species.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 22. DIGESTIVE CANAL.LARGE INTESTINES.
Caecum, colon and rectum. Anal canal and anus. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 23. GLANDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.
ANNOTATION:Liver. Structure and lobes. Intraorganic and extraorganic biliary tracts. Gall bladder. Nutritive and functional blood supply of the liver. Species specifics of the liver. Pancreas. Structure. Lobes. Excretory ducts. Peritoneal structures – lesser and greater omentum, omental bursa. Species features.DURATION: 2 hours.
SUBJECT No24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL SINUSES.
ANNOTATION:General data for respiratory system. Upper and lower respiratory tract. Nose. Nostrils and nasal cartilage. Bones of the nasal cavity. Subdivision of the nasal cavity. Conchae. Nasal septum. Choana. Terminal part of nasolacrimal duct. Vomeronasal organ. Paranasal sinuses. Species features.DURATION: 2 hours.
SUBJECT No 25. RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. LARYNX. TRACHEA. LUNGS.
ANNOTATION:Respiratory organs. Larynx. Cartilaginous skeleton. Mucosa, ligaments and membranes. Vocal apparatus. Trachea. Tracheal rings and soft tissues of the trachea. Tracheal division. Lungs. Shape, surfaces and lobes. Branchial tree – subdivision and terminal branches. Nutritive and functional blood supply of the lung. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 26. UROGENITAL APPARATUS. URINARY ORGANS.
ANNOTATION:General data for urogenital apparatus. Urinary organs.Kidney. General structure of the kidney and types of kidneys. Kidney’s blood supply. Kidney’s drainage structures. Cup-like structures, pelvis, and ureter. Uranary bladder and its ligaments. Ureter. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 27. MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
ANNOTATION:General data for genital organs. Testis. Epididymis. Deferens duct.Seminal cord. Coats of the seminal cord and testis. Accessory genital glands. Vesicular gland. Prostate. Bulbourethral gland. External parts of the male genital organs. Penis. Male urethra. Scrotum. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No 28. FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS.
ANNOTATION:General data for female genital organs. Ovarium. Uterine tube. Mesovarium and mesotubarium. Uterus. Broad uterus ligament. Vagina. Vestibulum of the vagiana. Structure of the uterine’s wall and its glands. External parts of the female genital organs. Vulva. Clitoris. Female urethra. Species features.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No29. IMAGING ANATOMICAL PRESENTATION OF THE ANATOMICAL OBJECTS OF DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY AND UROGENITAL APPARATUS.
ANNOTATION:Basic methods and energy sources, appropriate to obtain anatomical images of the abdominal and pelvic organs by endoscopy, ultrasound, X-ray roentgenology, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No30. FEATURES OF DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY AND UROGENITAL SYSTEMS IN BIRDS.
ANNOTATION:Digestive system. Mouth and pharynx.Salivary glands. Oesophagus, crop. Serous cavites. Bird's stomach. Intestines. Cloaca. Liver and pancreas. Respiratory system.Air sacs. Trachea and lungs. Urogenital system.Specific in the structure of the male and female genital organs.
DURATION:2 hours.
TOTAL SEMESTER HORARIUM:32hours
WINTER SEMESTER OF THE 2ND COURSE (3RD SEMESTER)
SUBJECT No31. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.PERICARDIUM. HEART.
ANNOTATION:General data for cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Heart and pericardium. Heart’s wall and cavities. Valves. Heart conductive system. Blood supply, lymphatic vessels, innervation. Species features.
DURATION:3hours.
SUBJECT No32.BLOOD VESSELS. BLOOD CIRCUIT.
ANNOTATION:Blood vessels. Principle structure of the arteries, veins and capillaries. Venous valves. Position, trajectory and ramification of the blood vessels. Collaterals and anastomoses. Vessels’ structures. Circuit. Basic data for circuit. Pulmonary and systemic circulations.Pulmonary trunk and aorta. Brachiocephalic trunk. Main branches of the thoracic and abdominal aorta. Basic principles of the limbs’ blood supply. Cranial and caudal vena cava. Portal vein.
DURATION:3 hours.
SUBJECT No33. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
ANNOTATION: General data for the structure of the lymphatic organs and lymphatic vessels. Lymph. Functional meaning of the lymphatic system. Major lymphatic vessels. Network of lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes. Thymus, spleen – structure and species specifics.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No34. ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
ANNOTATION:General data for the structure and function of the endocrine glands.Hypophysis. Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. Endocrine part of the pancreas. Adrenal glands. Thymus. Epiphysis. Endocrine parts of the testis and ovaries. Species specifics.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No35. NERVOUS SYSTEM. DEVELOPMENT. SUBDIVISION. FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
ANNOTATION:General data for the nervous system. Function and fundamental structural elements of the nervous system. Neurons, synapses, receptors, and reflex arc. Neuroglia. Subdivision of the nervous system. Development stages of the nervous system and the central nervous organs.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No36. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. SPINAL CORD.
ANNOTATION: Central nervous organs. Spinal cord. Position, shape, surface and structure of the spinal cord. White and grey matter. Grey matter’s nuclei. Reticular formation in the spinal cord. Central canal.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No37. RHOMBENCEPHALON AND MESENCEPHALON.
ANNOTATION:Rhombencephalon.The medulla oblongata. Pons. Cerebellum. Position, surfaces and structures. Grey nuclei of the conductive pathways and cranial nerves. Reticular formation in the rhombencephalon. The fourth ventricle.Mesencephalon.Position and subdivision of the mesencephalon. Structure of cerebrabral peduncles and tectal plate. Mesencepahlic aqueduct. Gray matter nuclei. Reticular formation. Nuclei and radices of the cranial nerves.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No38. DIENCEPHALON AND TELENCEPHALON.
ANNOTATION:Diencephalon. Position and division. Structure of thalamenephalon, subthalamus and hypothalamus. Pineal gland of the epithalamus and hypophysis.Grey nuclei. The third ventricle. Telencephalon. Position, shape and subdivision of the hemispheres. Structure of the rhinencephalon, pallium and basal nuclei. Neopallium. Structure of the white and grey matter. Commissures between the hemispheres. Lateral ventricles.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No39. PATHWAYS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS ORGANS.
ANNOTATION:Pathways of the central nervous organs. General data about the pathways.Pathwaysof the spinal cord and encephalon. Spinal ganglions, ascending and descending pathways. Pyramidal pathwayand extrapyramidal system.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No40. MENINGES AND VASCULARIZATION OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
ANNOTATION:Dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater of the brain and spinal cord. Structures of the meninges. Venous sinuses. Subdural and subarachnoidal spaces. Cerebrospinal liquid. Blood vessels of the central nervous system.
DURATION:2 hours.
SUBJECT No41. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANNOTATION:Main structure and rules in the way and distribution of the cerebrospinal nerves. Somatic, autonomic, sensor, motor andmixt nerves. General structure and functional characteristics of the cranial nerves. Nerves with parasympathetic component.General description of the beginning, way and branching of the cranial nerves. Cerebrospinal ganglia. General date for the nervous plexus. Spinal nerves. General structure, formation, composition and branching of the Spinal nerves. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves. Formation and composition of the somatic nervous plexus – cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexus.
DURATION:2 hours
SUBJECT No42. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANNOTATION:General characteristic of the autonomic nervous system. Basics differencesbetween autonomic and somatic nervous system. Central and peripheral parts of the autonomic nervous system. Basic peripheral nervous cells and fibers. Functional types of the autonomic nerves. Sympathetic and parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system.Sympatheticportion of the autonomic nervous system.Central and peripheral part. Formation, composition and branching of the sympathetic nerves. Vertebral, paravertebral and mural ganglions. Sympathetictrunk. Parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system.Central and peripheral parts. Parasympathetic fibers – beginning, way and branching. Parasympathetic ganglions. Parasympathetic nuclei in the brain and cranial nerves which have autonomic fibers.Sacral part of the parasympathehtic system, pelvic nerves and ganglions.