Evju et al.Suppl. Mat. 1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
to Evju, Austrheim, Halvorsen and Mysterud:
Table S1. Average trait values (± standard deviation) for each species, based on sampling of 10 individuals for each trait, except plant height, which was sampled on 20 individuals for each species.
Species / Seed mass (mg) / Seed number / Allocation to reproduction / First flow-ering day (Julian day)a / Plant height (cm) / Leaf size (mm2) / Above-ground biomass (mg) / Below-ground biomass (mg)Alchemilla alpina / 0.36a / 25.0a / 0.17 ± 0.05 / 193.0 / 7.4 ± 2.2 / 396.7 ± 206.9 / 0.26 ± 0.16 / 0.35 ± 0.22
Alchemilla sp. / 0.21 ± 0.07 / 59.8 ± 44.7 / 0.13 ± 0.09 / 169.3 / 8.4 ± 5.9 / 1954.2 ± 1371.0 / 0.82 ± 0.54 / 1.03 ± 0.89
Bistorta vivipara / 1.44f± 0.78 / 22.1f ± 8.2 / 0.42 ± 0.11 / 174.7 / 9.3 ± 4.0 / 215.9 ± 122.9 / 0.11 ± 0.06 / 0.17 ± 0.09
Euphrasia wettsteinii / 0.18a / 44.0a / 0.32 ± 0.07 / 193.1 / 6.6 ± 2.5 / 8.3 ± 3.7 / 0.012 ± 0.007 / 0.0009 ± 0.0006
Geranium sylvaticum / 3.7 ± 1.2 / 20.7 ± 11.9 / 0.26 ± 0.11 / 193.1 / 25.1 ± 9.6 / 1501.5 ± 833.1 / 0.90 ± 0.36 / 1.40 ± 0.72
Hieracium alpinum / 0.38 ± 0.09 / 64.1 ± 21.2 / 0.29 ± 0.12 / 202.1 / 0.67 ± 0.32 / 345.1 ± 159.8 / 0.23 ± 0.11 / 0.15 ± 0.08
Leontodon autumnalis / 0.56 ± 0.03 / 39.7 ± 14.1 / 0.25 ± 0.14 / 198.9 / 0.55 ± 0.23 / 184.6 ± 100.9 / 0.11 ± 0.06 / 0.098 ± 0.045
Melampyrum sylvaticum / 5.6 ± 0.4 / 10.2 ± 5.1 / 0.39 ± 0.10 / 187.1 / 14.8 ± 3.2 / 119.0 ± 88.8 / 0.26 ± 0.22 / 0.0057 ± 0.0051
Omalotheca norvegica / 0.061 ± 0.006 / 983.9 ± 477.5 / 0.48 ± 0.08 / 203.1 / 12.3 ± 3.3 / 287.0 ± 86.4 / 0.32 ± 0.12 / 0.15 ± 0.06
Omalotheca supina / 0.075 ± 0.022 / 33.0 ± 21.3 / 0.36 ± 0.11 / 194.2 / 0.43 ± 0.21 / 21.6 ± 8.7 / 0.025 ± 0.010 / 0.017 ± 0.009
Potentilla erecta / 0.21 ± 0.03 / 22.9 ± 22.8 / 0.075 ± 0.068 / 187.1 / 22.4 ± 10.1 / 265.3 ± 107.0 / 0.55 ± 0.41 / 1.09 ± 0.97
Pyrola minor / 0.0007a / 5000a / 0.27 ± 0.05 / 200.4 / 0.59 ± 0.21 / 465.8 ± 203.5 / 0.29 ± 0.10 / 0.058 ± 0.018
Ranunculus acris / 0.80 ± 0.04 / 34.6 ± 22.5 / 0.25 ± 0.08 / 171.6 / 18.3 ± 6.6 / 343.8 ± 230.6 / 0.23 ± 0.20 / 0.18 ± 0.12
Rumex acetosa / 0.79 ± 0.27 / 76.6 ± 131.7 / 0.31 ± 0.09 / 172.3 / 22.7 ± 9.9 / 374.9 ± 283.3 / 0.44 ± 0.38 / 1.23 ± 1.01
Saussurea alpina / 2.1a / 5.5a / 0.38 ± 0.11 / 209.7 / 19.7 ± 7.7 / 756.7 ± 320.2 / 1.03 ± 0.55 / 0.16 ± 0.13
Sibbaldia procumbens / 0.45 ± 0.02 / 52.9 ± 44.7 / 0.39 ± 0.13 / 168.6 / 3.1 ± 0.9 / 189.0 ± 83.8 / 0.15 ± 0.08 / 0.14 ± 0.15
Solidago virgaurea / 0.46a / 17.3a / 0.31 ± 0.10 / 200.7 / 16.3 ± 7.1 / 471.1 ± 117.1 / 0.66 ± 0.42 / 0.45 ± 0.33
Taraxacum sp. / 0.82 ± 0.08 / 67.5 ± 42.6 / 0.24 ± 0.08 / 180.6 / 0.69 ± 0.35 / 696.4 ± 214.7 / 0.33 ± 0.15 / 0.33 ± 0.19
Trientalis europaea / 0.68e / 9.6e / 0.16 ± 0.08 / 188.3 / 4.6 ± 3.4 / 124.6 ± 83.2 / 0.030 ± 0.024 / 0.027 ± 0.025
Veronica alpina / 0.054a / 282a / 0.32 ± 0.13 / 183.3 / 7.3 ± 1.5 / 62.2 ± 23.4 / 0.071 ±0.032 / 0.042 ± 0.022
Viola biflora / 0.77 ± 0.09 / 10.1 ± 7.4 / 0.35 ± 0.14 / 161.5 / 3.8 ± 1.6 / 182.1 ± 87.8 / 0.046 ± 0.022 / 0.058 ± 0.033
Viola palustris / 0.58 ± 0.08 / 18.4 ± 6.9 / 0.36 ± 0.14 / 169.4 / 2.2 ± 1.2 / 311.3 ± 141.2 / 0.045 ± 0.016 / 0.045 ± 0.027
Table S1 continued
Species / Root/shoot ratio / Vegetative reproduction(% of sampled plants) / Specific leaf area (mm2/mg) / N content in leaves (%) / P content in leaves (%) / C/N in leaves / C/P in leaves
Alchemilla alpina / 1.53 ± 0.80 / 30 / 9.9 ± 1.0 / 1.75 ± 0.24 / 0.25 ± 0.02 / 27.6 ± 3.6 / 190.4 ± 12.1
Alchemilla sp. / 1.30 ± 0.49 / 20 / 14.9 ± 2.6 / 1.66 ± 0.34 / 0.18 ± 0.03 / 28.3 ± 5.6 / 253.8 ± 44.9
Bistorta vivipara / 1.75 ± 0.81 / 0 / 15.3 ± 2.6 / 3.11 ± 0.09 / 0.56 ± 0.004 / 15.3 ± 0.1 / 85.1 ± 1.3
Euphrasia wettsteinii / 0.075 ± 0.028 / 0 / 31.0 ± 14.3 / 2.93* / 0.47* / 15.6* / 98.2*
Geranium sylvaticum / 1.51 ± 0.60 / 10 / 14.7 ± 2.3 / 2.12 ± 0.19 / 0.22 ± 0.03 / 22.5 ± 1.8 / 219.5 ± 28.9
Hieracium alpinum / 0.71 ± 0.30 / 0 / 20.5 ± 4.9 / 2.59 ± 0.22 / 0.45 ± 0.03 / 17.4 ± 1.5 / 100.7 ± 6.8
Leontodon autumnalis / 1.29 ± 0.58 / 30 / 19.5 ± 3.1 / 2.54 ± 0.35 / 0.25 ± 0.13 / 17.8 ± 2.7 / 210.4 ± 84.7
Melampyrum sylvaticum / 0.02 ± 0.008 / 0 / 15.4 ± 3.0 / 1.49 ± 0.07 / 0.24 ± 0.01 / 29.9 ± 1.3 / 182.3 ± 6.1
Omalotheca norvegica / 0.47 ± 0.17 / 0 / 18.2 ± 2.1 / 2.13 ± 0.49 / 0.33 ± 0.16 / 21.4 ± 4.5 / 150.5 ± 68.5
Omalotheca supina / 0.68 ± 0.26 / 50 / 29.6 ± 7.8 / 2.44 ± 0.19 / 0.37 ± 0.07 / 18.8 ± 1.6 / 125.7 ± 23.0
Potentilla erecta / 2.61 ± 1.77 / 80 / 18.4 ± 3.7 / 2.53 ± 0.22 / 0.23 ± 0.04 / 18.5 ± 1.6 / 210.8 ± 38.3
Pyrola minor / 0.21 ± 0.07 / 20 / 14.9 ± 1.8 / 1.73 ± 0.30 / 0.23 ± 0.07 / 29.7 ± 5.2 / 230.1 ± 63.4
Ranunculus acris / 0.85 ± 0.25 / 0 / 17.6 ± 3.1 / 2.66 ± 0.06 / 0.24 ± 0.01 / 17.1 ± 0.9 / 192.6 ± 11.7
Rumex acetosa / 3.44 ± 2.48 / 0 / 21.6 ± 3.8 / 3.87 ± 0.23 / 0.44 ± 0.03 / 11.9 ± 0.7 / 103.6 ± 6.1
Saussurea alpina / 0.15 ± 0.06 / 30 / 16.7 ± 2.5 / 2.14 ± 0.35 / 0.16 ± 0.03 / 20.8 ± 2.8 / 280.4 ± 38.2
Sibbaldia procumbens / 1.08 ± 1.09 / 60 / 15.1 ± 2.4 / 2.17 ± 0.25 / 0.26 ± 0.08 / 22.2 ± 2.5 / 195.2 ± 53.5
Solidago virgaurea / 0.72 ± 0.34 / 20 / 17.8 ± 1.6 / 2.51 ± 0.39 / 0.33 ± 0.09 / 18.7 ± 2.6 / 148.4 ± 33.6
Taraxacum sp. / 1.01 ± 0.44 / 20 / 27.8 ± 4.7 / 2.88 ± 0.10 / 0.31 ± 0.02 / 15.5 ± 0.5 / 143.7 ± 8.2
Trientalis europaea / 1.67 ± 2.55 / 100 / 34.5 ± 5.9 / 1.92 ± 0.29 / 0.22 ± 0.04 / 25.0 ± 3.9 / 217.3 ± 46.9
Veronica alpina / 0.59 ± 0.19 / 40 / 25.8 ± 7.4 / 2.64 ± 0.13 / 0.23 ± 0.02 / 17.6 ± 0.8 / 200.7 ± 15.3
Viola biflora / 1.89 ± 1.85 / 0 / 31.4 ± 6.1 / 2.84 ± 0.02 / 0.37 ± 0.02 / 15.6 ± 0.1 / 118.5 ± 7.6
Viola palustris / 0.99 ± 0.46 / 20 / 23.0 ± 3.1 / 2.67 ± 0.45 / 0.25 ± 0.01 / 16.7 ± 2.9 / 178.4 ± 6.0
* Molau, U., Nordenhäll, U., and Eriksen, B. (2005) Onset of flowering and climate variability in an alpine landscape: a 10-year study from Swedish Lapland. American Journal of Botany92: 422-431.
a Austrheim, G., Evju, M. and Mysterud, A. (2005) Herb abundance and life-history traits in two contrasting alpine habitats in southern Norway. Plant Ecology 179: 217-229.
b Welling, P. and Laine, K. 2002. Regeneration by seeds in alpine meadow and heath vegetation in sub-arctic Finland. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 217-226.
c Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G. and Hunt, R. 1988. Comparative plant ecology, Unwin Hyman, London.
d Stenström, A. 1999. Sexual reproductive ecology of Carex bigelowii, an arctic-alpine sedge. Ecography 22: 305-313.
e Klotz, S., Kühn, I. and Durka, W. 2002. BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank zu biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen der Gefäßpflanzen in Deutchland, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.
f bulbil number and mass.
Evju et al.Suppl. Mat. 1
Table S2. Single trait correlations (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) with sheep selectivity (SI), response to enhanced grazing (GR), and response to cessation of grazing (CR),n = 22.
Trait / SI / GR / CRlog(seed mass) / 0.196 ns / −0.130 ns / −0.101 ns
log(seed number) / 0.045 ns / 0.081 ns / 0.139 ns
Allocation to reproduction / 0.030 ns / −0.079 ns / 0.283 ns
First flowering day / 0.416 * / 0.085 ns / 0.503 **
log(plant height) / 0.235 ns / −0.633 *** / −0.216 ns
log(leaf size) / 0.583 *** / 0.019 ns / −0.218 ns
log(aboveground biomass) / 0.771 *** / −0.189 ns / −0.093 ns
log(belowground biomass) / 0.590 *** / 0.123 ns / −0.198 ns
log(root/shoot) / 0.044 ns / 0.420 * / −0.226 ns
Vegetative reproduction / −0.265 ns / 0.185 ns / −0.210 ns
log(specific leaf area) / −0.295 ns / 0.147ns / 0.188 ns
Nitrogen / 0.050 ns / 0.251 ns / 0.188 ns
C/N / −0.107 ns / −0.316 ns / −0.285 ns
Phosphorus / −0.083 ns / −0.011 ns / 0.163 ns
C/P / 0.112 ns / 0.021 ns / −0.271 ns
ns: p > 0.10, *: 0.05 < p < 0.10, **: 0.01 < p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.01
Evju et al.Suppl. Mat. 1
Table S3. Presence in the permanent plots of the 22 species included in the study in 2001 and 2007, n = 60 plots per treatment, and mean abundance, measured as proportion of sub-plots (0.125 × 0.125 m2) per plot in which the species was present, averaged over the 60 plots in the given treatment.
No. of permanent plots / Mean abundance (%)High density / Low density / No sheep / High density / Low density / No sheep
Species / 2001 / 2007 / 2001 / 2007 / 2001 / 2007 / 2001 / 2007 / 2001 / 2007 / 2001 / 2007
Alchemilla alpina / 16 / 18 / 13 / 13 / 13 / 14 / 15.4 / 17.3 / 13.7 / 13.5 / 8.7 / 8.4
Alchemilla sp. / 4 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 1.7 / 1.6 / 0.31 / 0.52 / 0.52 / 0.42
Bistorta vivipara / 17 / 17 / 20 / 21 / 19 / 20 / 10.7 / 13.5 / 14.2 / 16.7 / 14.9 / 16.5
Euphrasia wettsteinii / 11 / 7 / 5 / 5 / 6 / 6 / 5.7 / 2.2 / 3.0 / 2.4 / 2.5 / 2.1
Geranium sylvaticum / 22 / 20 / 14 / 14 / 13 / 13 / 20.1 / 19.9 / 9.9 / 13.6 / 6.8 / 10.2
Hieracium spp. / 12 / 17 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 24 / 3.1 / 4.2 / 4.3 / 5.8 / 6.8 / 9.5
Leontodon autumnalis / 1 / 4 / 5 / 5 / 8 / 8 / 0.11 / 2.3 / 4.6 / 5.5 / 4.6 / 6.4
Melampyrum sylvaticum / 11 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 6 / 8 / 5.4 / 2.2 / 1.4 / 2.8 / 2.1 / 4.3
Omalotheca norvegica / 12 / 10 / 11 / 11 / 12 / 12 / 3.4 / 2.3 / 4.0 / 3.3 / 5.5 / 5.5
Omalotheca supina / 6 / 7 / 5 / 3 / 8 / 6 / 4.7 / 4.5 / 2.3 / 0.94 / 5.7 / 2.9
Potentilla erecta / 4 / 4 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 5 / 2.7 / 2.4 / 3.1 / 3.4 / 5.3 / 5.1
Pyrola spp. / 15 / 17 / 7 / 10 / 12 / 12 / 8.3 / 10.0 / 5.1 / 4.7 / 6.6 / 7.0
Ranunculus acris / 12 / 11 / 11 / 12 / 9 / 12 / 8.2 / 8.6 / 8.0 / 10.3 / 3.4 / 5.5
Rumex acetosa / 27 / 30 / 20 / 23 / 17 / 19 / 17.8 / 20.4 / 9.8 / 10.3 / 9.8 / 8.8
Saussurea alpina / 9 / 6 / 10 / 9 / 5 / 5 / 3.3 / 3.1 / 5.1 / 5.3 / 1.9 / 2.0
Sibbaldia procumbens / 8 / 7 / 9 / 10 / 8 / 8 / 4.6 / 5.0 / 6.4 / 6.3 / 5.0 / 3.5
Solidago virgaurea / 17 / 13 / 13 / 11 / 11 / 13 / 5.1 / 3.4 / 3.2 / 2.8 / 3.2 / 4.0
Taraxacum sp. / 8 / 6 / 7 / 6 / 6 / 7 / 4.0 / 5.2 / 3.3 / 1.9 / 4.4 / 3.3
Trientalis europaea / 32 / 31 / 29 / 32 / 26 / 27 / 24.1 / 24.7 / 20.4 / 21.7 / 21.3 / 19.6
Veronica alpina / 7 / 3 / 7 / 4 / 5 / 4 / 1.3 / 0.63 / 1.7 / 1.1 / 1.9 / 1.4
Viola biflora / 22 / 20 / 14 / 14 / 12 / 11 / 22.8 / 21.1 / 15.9 / 17.0 / 8.5 / 8.6
Viola palustris / 5 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 9 / 8 / 1.8 / 4.6 / 5.9 / 5.8 / 3.5 / 3.2