Thisactivityprovidesextensionmaterialforchapter7 Floods Ingeog.1

Teacher’snotes

FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark***

Aims

█Pupilsareabletomakea3-Drainfallmap

█PupilsknowacasestudyoftheKrugerNationalParkinSouthAfrica

█Pupilsunderstandhowindividualsandcommunitiesrespondtothefloodhazard

█Pupilsareabletomakeandjustifydecisionsbasedondata

█Pupilsareabletoworkasagroupandmakeandjustifydecisions

Introduction

Thisactivityprovidesextensionmaterialforchapter7‘Floods’ingeog.1.

Itaddressestheconceptof‘Physicalandhumanprocesses’.

Theactivityisintwoparts.Pupilscanworkingroupsof3-4.Inpartone,pupilswillmake

a3-Drainfallmapusingstraws.Parttwoisasimulation.Pupilswilltakeontherolesof theSeniorManagementTeamoftheKrugerNationalPark.Itistheirjobtomanagethe floodhazard.

ICT

TherearevariouspossibilitiesforusingICT:

█spreadsheetscouldbeusedtocreaterainfallmaps

█thee-mailscouldbesentandreceivedelectronically

█pupilscouldusetheInternettofindoutmoreinformation.Themostappropriate websitesare

Activity

Partone:3-Drainfallmap(pageS1)

Pupilswillneed:maptacks,aruler,scissors,straws(blueifpossible!),blu-tack,andthree copiesoftheKrugerNationalParkbasemap(pageS5).

PupilsshouldusetheinstructionsonpageS1tocompletea3-Drainfallmap.

Parttwo:TheKrugerNationalParkfloodsimulation(pageS2)

Pupilsshouldreadthee-mailsentbytheDirectoroftheKrugerNationalParktothe SeniorManagementTeam(pageS2).Itoutlinesthesituation.Eachgroupwillneed anotherbasemap,somecolouringpens,andfourcopiesofthee-mailreplyform (pageS3).Thegroupshavetomakedecisionsatfivepoints:Fridaymorning,Friday lunchtime,Fridayafternoon,Saturdaymorning,Saturdayafternoon.

Thegroupsshouldmaketheirdecisionsbasedonthee-mailswhichtheyreceive.You shouldgivethemthee-mailsatappropriateintervals.Ifthereisaccesstocomputers,the

e-mailscouldbesentelectronically.Makesurethegroupsdon’tgetoverwhelmedbythe information.Thee-mailsareprovidedonTeacher’snotespagesT2–T3.

PupilscouldthenreadtheactualpressreleaseissuedbytheKrugerNationalParkSenior ManagementTeam(pageS4);alternatively,youcouldgothroughitwiththem.Theywill scoreapointforeveryboldprintitemthattheyhavementionedintheire-mails.

Attheendofthesimulation,discusswiththegroupshowwelltheycopedwiththecrisis, andhowtheirstrategiesdifferedfromtheactualresponseintheKNP.

1Tgeog.1:7Floods

Teacher’snotes

FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

Thee-mailstobesentorgiventogroupsofpupilsasmembersoftheSenior

ManagementTeam:

DECISIONONE:Fridaymorning

SeerequestforinformationinDirector’se-mail.

Fromnowon,thestaffintherest-campsandatthegatessende-mailsto

theSeniorManagementTeamtokeepituptodatewitheventsinthepark. Thesearethee-mails:

DECISIONTWO:Fridaylunchtime

PhalaborwaGate12:2007/02/2000Thegateisstillopenandvisitorscantravelto Letaba.TheLetabalow-levelbridgeisnotaccessible,however,andvisitorstoMopani musttaketheBouldersRoad.

CrocodileBridge12:4507/02/2000Thisgatewasclosedearlythismorning. NgwenyaLodgeandthehousesclosesttotheCrocodileRiverhadtobeevacuated. Thereisapowerfailureandthepumpingstationisunderwater.

PafuriGate12:4507/02/2000TheLevuvhuRiverstartedtoriseagainat12:00.All

theriversintheareaareflowingstrongly–theMutele,Levuvhu,andLimpopo.Thestaff fromthepicnicsitewereevacuatedyesterday.Shouldtheriverrisefurther,theywillneed

tobeevacuatedfromtheranger’squartershere.

KrugerGate13:0007/02/2000TheriverisstillflowingoverthebridgeatKrugerGate.

Atpresentthehousesaresafebutshouldthesituationdeterioratetheywillneed evacuation.

Skukuzarest-camp13:2007/02/2000ThehutsclosesttotheSabieRiverwere evacuated–waterhasreachedtheleveloftheroofs.Reportsalsoindicatethatthe bomaandtherestauranthavebeenflooded.Waterhasalsoenteredtheshop.

Jakkalsbessie13.3007/02/2000Someofthehutsandtheconferencecentre,as wellasastaffhouse,havebeenflooded.Therearesixpeopleherebutstillsafe.

MalelaneGate13:30VisitorstotheKNPwereallowedinbutnoaccesswasallowed

tothebridge.

OrpenGate13:3007/02/200ThisgateisopentotouristsandSataracanbereached fromOrpenwithoutanyproblems.Talamaticamphasbeencutoffandthepeoplehave beenrequestedtostayput.

Skukuzarest-camp13.3007/02/2000Waterisreachingthesecondrowofhuts.

LowerSabieRoad13:4007/02/2000TheroadhasbeenfloodedbytheSabieRiverandisimpassable.

2Tgeog.1:7Floods

Teacher’snotes

FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

DECISIONTHREE:Fridayafternoon

LowerSabieRoad15:0007/02/2000TheSabieRiverisflowingovertheroadbridge.

MalelaneGate16:0007/02/2000Informationhasbeensentthroughthatthe

MalelaneBridgeisstartingtogounderwater.

PundaMariaGate16:2007/02/2000Thegateisopentotouristsandsois

ShingwedziRest-camp.

Skukuzarest-camp16:4007/02/2000Thethirdrowofhutsisbeingevacuated. Personnelvillagehousesarebeingevacuated,includingthehousesoftheDirector,

generalmanagers…thewaterisinthestreetattheflatsanddoctor’sconsultingrooms.

NumbiGate17:0407/02/2000Itwasclosedtovisitorsinthemorningbecausethe bridgeovertheNoord-SandRiverwasdamaged.NumbiGateitselfisopenand accessibletostaffandtourists.

KrugerGate18:3007/02/2000Ithasbeenconfirmedthatthebridgeisstructurally damagedintwoplacesandpartsofthebridgehavebeenremoved.

DECISIONFOUR:Saturdaymorning

LowerSabie7:1008/02/2000FromtheAssistantCampManager:eighthutsinthe rest-campandoneguesthouseareflooded.Thereisnoelectricityorwaterattherest- camp.Touristsarenotallowedtoleavethecampuntilfurthernotice.

CrocodileBridge7:1508/02/2000Thepowerisstilloutandthepumpingstationis stillunderwater.Fivehutsintherest-campareunderwater.Thelivingquartershave

beenvacatedduetoflooding.Thetrainbridgewassweptawayinthenight.

LowerSabieRoad7:3008/02/2000ThehighwaterbridgeovertheRiverSabiehas beenstructurallydamaged–therampstothebridge.ThetarroadtoLowerSabieisalso damagedandflooded.

MalelaneGate8:0508/02/2000TheroadfromSkukuzatoMalelaneisopen,aswell

astheMalelaneGate.

DECISIONFIVE:Saturdayafternoon

LowerSabieRoad14:3008/02/2000Fourgroupsoftouristsarestrandedonthe roadbetweenLowerSabieandCrocodileBridge.

3Tgeog.1:7Floods

FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark***

NameClass

TheKrugerNationalParkisanenormoussafariparkin

SouthAfrica.Youcanseegiraffes,kudu,impala,elephants, hippos,leopards,rhinosandwarthogsinthepark.

YouworkontheSeniorManagementTeam.Youlook aftertheparkanditsthousandsofvisitors.

Itis7February2000.Therehasbeenheavyrain

andyourdirectorisworried.Thesituationcouldbe dangerous.It’sthejobofyourgrouptoprotectthepark.

Activity

Partone–3-Drainfallmap

Youaregoingtomakea3-Drainfallmap.Thiswillshow youwhichareasaremostindangerofflooding.

Yourgroupwillneed:

maptacksaruler

scissorsstraws(blueifpossible!)

blu-tack3copiesoftheKrugerNationalParkbasemap

1Lookattherainfallfiguresbelow:

Rainfallatrest-campsintheKrugerNationalPark,4-6February2000

Takeyourfirstbasemap.Usemaptackstomarkeachoftherest-camps.

2Cutastraw30mmlong.StickthisbytheShingwedzirest-camp.Useblu-tacksothatthe

strawstandsupright.

3Cutastraw16mmlong.StickthisbytheLetabarest-camp.Youhavenowcompleteda3-D

rainfallmapfor4February.Giveyourmapatitle.

4Usingtheotheroutlinemapsmakearainfallmapfor5and6February.

Remembertogiveeachmapatitle.

1Sgeog.1:7Floods

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FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

NameClass

Parttwo–floodsimulation

Readthise-mailfromtheDirectoroftheKrugerNationalParktoyouandthe restofyourSeniorManagementTeam.Ittellsyouwhatyouhavetodo.

To:Senior Management Team, KNP From:Director, KNP

Date:7 February 2000

Time:6:00

Subject:Heavy rainfall

------Good morning team.

As you know, there was a lot of rain yesterday and the day before. There was also a huge storm last night.

The rangers have reported to me that hippos have been seen leaving the rivers and heading inland. The last time this happened was just before the 1996 floods. Some of you may remem- ber those floods and the terrible damage that occurred. I am worried that we may be in dan-

ger now.

I need you to help me decide what to do. Here are some points we need to think about:

•We have 14 campsites filled with tourists. The tourists need to be safe and to have clean water and food.

•If the rains cause serious floods we may have to move the tourists to safety.

•Sending tourists home will lose us – and South Africa – hundreds of thousands of dollars.

•Many roads in the park are not tarred and some may flood. Moving people may be diffi- cult and dangerous along flooded mud tracks and across rivers.

•Bridges over the rivers may be at risk.

•The only safe routes are through the gates.

•We have two helicopters available.

I would like you to make a decision for me now (Friday morning). I will then contact you four more times during today and tomorrow, and I’ll want decisions each time.

I need this morning a map to show where flooding might be a problem:

1Use an outline map of the Kruger National Park.

2Colour in the areas which have had the most rainfall.

3Label the rivers which you think are most likely to flood.

4Label the rest-camps which you think are most likely to flood.

5Label any gates which you think should close.

6Label any rest-camps which you think we should evacuate. Where should we take the tourists? Label an escape route on your map.

During today and tomorrow you will receive e-mails from staff in the rest-camps, at the gates, and in the helicopters. Using the information they send you, please complete the attached

e-mail reply forms and send them to me as soon as possible. I am enclosing four forms. I will then instruct the people in the rest-camps, at the gates, and in the helicopters.

Thank you for all your hard work. Yours,

A worried director.

2Sgeog.1:7Floods

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FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

NameClass

E-mail reply form

To:The Director

From:Senior Management Team

Date: Time: Subject:

------

We have received information from the gates, rest-camps, and helicopters. Here are our rec- ommendations:

The gates:

(Should they let in tourists or expect tourists to be bussed out?)

The rest-camps:

(Should the tourists stay or move? Where should they go? By which route?)

The helicopters:

(Where should they go? Do they need to rescue stranded people?)

Yours,

Senior Management Team, KNP

3Sgeog.1:7Floods

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FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

NameClass

Afterthesimulation

HereistheactualpressreleasesentoutbytheSeniorManagementTeamto allmedia.Younowscoreapointforeveryboldprintitemwhichyoumentionedinyoure-mails.

PRESSRELEASE:FLOODSINSOUTHERNKRUGERNATIONALPARK

DuetotheheavyrainfallintheSouthernLowveldandEscarpment,themaincatchmentareafor the Crocodile and Sabie Rivers, there has been serious flooding in the Southern Kruger NationalPark.

Inplacesmorethan500mmofrainwasrecordedin24hours.TherainthatstartedonSunday causedwidespreadfloodinganddamagetobuildings,roads,andwaterandpowersuppliesinthe KNP.

AlldirtroadsintheareasouthoftheOlifantsRiverareclosed.EntrytotheKNPis possible through the Malelane GatewheretheN4roadhasbeenreopened.Althoughthe roadfromtheNumbiGateisopen,itisNOTarecommendedroute.

OrpenandPhalaborwaGatesareopen.Thehigh-levelbridgeovertheSabieRiver allowingjourneysbetweenNorthandSouthintheParkhasbeenclosed.Allothertarroads areaccessible.

InSkukuzathethreerowsofhutsclosesttotheriverwereevacuated.Seriousdam- age was caused to the restaurant which will only re-open in about three weeks. For now a temporary restaurant is open on the platform of the Selati railway station. The shop opened againonTuesdayafternoon.

The standby generators of the rest-camp supply power, although four mini substations were switched off before being submerged. At Malelane Gate, 28 poles carrying power cables have beensweptaway,leavingthisareawithapowerproblem.ThereisnopowerorwateratCrocodileBridge Camp. Lower Sabie has no power or water, but emergency generators are on the way. Waterpurificationisbeingrestored.AtPretoriuskoptherearepowerandwaterproblems.

Untilacceptableservicecanberestored,therewillbenobookingsforthenexttwoweeks atSkukuza,LowerSabieorPretoriuskop.

Allvisitorsandstaffaresafeandaccountedfor.Withbridges damagedandwashedaway

andaccessibilitytotheSouthernKNPseverelyrestricted,visitorstotheKNPshouldkeep

tothecentralandNorthernsectionsofthepark.

Although some carcasses of buffalo were spotted in the flood and some baboons were seen clingingtodebrisfloatingdownstream,animalstendtomovetohighergroundduringflooding.

Itisimpossibletoknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenkilled.

Rainfallstatisticsfor7Februaryandthetotalsfor4-7Februaryareshownbelow:

Rest-camps7FebruaryTOTAL

Letaba6.6mm182.6mm

4Sgeog.1:7Floods

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FloodingintheKrugerNationalPark

NameClass

Pafuri

PundaMaria

Basemapforsimulation

Key

campsandlodges entrancegates tarredroads

050km

Shingwedzi

N

Boulders

Mopani

Letaba

Olifants

Phalaborwa

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ZIMBABWE

Kruger

NNational

Park

Pretoria

Satara

Johannesburg

LESOTHO

SOUTHAFRICA

CapeTown

0

SWAZILAND

Durban

500km

Orpen

Kruger

Talamati

Jakkalsbessie

Skukuza

Numbi

LowerSabie

Pretoriuskop

Crocodile Bridge

Malelane

5Sgeog.1:7Floods

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