1945-1969 Test Review

This test will take two days and will consist of two parts:

The first part of the test will be objective (Matching/Multiple Choice)

The following People/Terms/Events (indicated in bold)will be included in the first part of the test.

The second part of your test will include essays. These essays are found at the end of this review.

In addition to reviewing this material, re-watching

The Century: America’s Time (Best Years, Happy Daze, Poisoned Dreams, and Unpinned) will help in your test prep. Also, depending on your choice of essay, your textbook (Chapter 27) as well as various websites/documentaries on JFK Assassination can help your prep.

Objective Portion of Test (75 questions—3 points per question)

Essay Portion of Test (2 Essays 35 points possible on Essay 1,

40 points possible on Essay 2)

Total Possible Points for Test: 300

PEOPLE/GROUPS

John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. He was president during the Bay of

Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Assassinated on November

22nd 1963.

William J. Levitt was responsible for bringing the “assembly line” process

to home building during the post World War II era.

Richard M. Nixon ran for president in 1960. He was elected president in 1968. He eventually was forced to resign office in 1974 as a result of the Watergate Scandal.

Joseph McCarthy Senator who conducted political “witch hunts” in the 1950s seeking to show Communist influence in American society.

Robert F. Kennedy was a Massachusetts Senator (younger brother of JFK) who was assassinated in 1968 duringthe Democratic national primary.

Julius and Ethel Rosenbergwere a couple that were convicted of spying for the USSR—and executed.

Nikita Khrushchevwas Leader of the USSR from 1953-1964. Dealt with Nixon in the Kitchen Debates as well as with JFK during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Muhammad Ali was a talented boxer who caused controversy by refusing to serve

in Vietnam.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was a former World War II General. Served as President of the

United States from 1953-1961 (elected in ’52 and ’56)

Lyndon B. Johnson was Vice President under John F. Kennedy. Came to power in

1963 following the death of JFK. Elected by a landslide in 1964. Known for passage of Civil Rights Laws as well as for escalation of the Vietnam War.

Lee Harvey Oswald was the Alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy. He was killed by a nightclub owner, Jack Ruby 2 days after the murder of President Kennedy.

Douglas MacArthur was a World War II and Korean War General who was fired by

President Truman for insubordination. He and Truman disagreed about

using the atom bomb on Korea and China.

J.D. Tippit was a Dallas Police officer allegedly killed by Lee Harvey Oswald.

Elvis Presley was the “King” of Rock and Roll. He emerged on the music

scene in the 1950’s and was a cultural icon until his death in 1977.

Jack Ruby was a Dallas nightclub owner with ties to organized

crime. He gunned down Lee Harvey Oswald on national television.

The Little Rock 9 wereAfrican American students in Arkansas who had to have

a military escort to attend classes at Central High School.

Martin Luther King Jr. was Civil Rights leader who made a name for himself during

the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Dr King promoted change through

non-violent methods.

Malcolm X was a Civil Rights leader who advocated equality and segregation

by any means necessary (including violence).

Elijah Muhammad was the Founder of the Nation of Islam. His teachings influenced Malcolm X.

James Baldwin was an African American author who warned that if racial justice

was not achieved that violence would erupt in the streets.

The Beatleswere a British Rock band who came to the United States in 1964.

They have sold more albums in the United States than any other group.

The Rolling Stoneswere a British Rock band who came to the United States in 1964.

Their song “Satisfaction” became an anthem for the decade of the 1960s.

The Marshall plan provided aid to war-torn countries in Europe during

the post World War II period.

The Black Panthers was a group was formed in the late 1960s with an emphasis

placed on “BLACK POWER”

The Warren Commission was a group was ordered to investigate the murder of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy. They concluded that a lone assassin killed the President. This conclusion has been debated by many.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) This group was founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. –It advocated peaceful, non-violent protests.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)This group was founded in 1910 and worked to improvecivil rights by means of using the court system.

Freedom Riderswere groups of young people who would travel together

interracially on busses in order to de-segregate the South.

TERMS

Hot War This refers to armed conflicts where people are killed (i.e. Korea/Vietnam)

The Iron Curtain was a phrase was coined by British Prime Minister

Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Communists

and Non-Communists particularly in Europe.

The Cold War This refers to the philosophical struggle between the

United States (Democracy) and the USSR (Communism) from 1945

until the early 1990s.

The Cuban Missile Crisis This event took place in October of 1962. It involved a

confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over

issues in Cuba.

The Domino Theory This premise held that if one country fell to Communism

all of the surrounding countries would fall as well.

The Bay of Pigs Invasion This military action took place in 1961 in Cuba. Cuban

exiles attempted to retake the country from the Communist Fidel Castro

The U.S. failed to provide air support for the exiles which resulted in their

defeat.

The G.I. Bill This provided low interest loans and money for education

for returning war veterans.

The Magic Bullet A key part of the Warren Report, this supposedly caused

seven wounds on President Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally.

The Baby Boom was a population explosion of 25 million between 1946-1952.

Sit ins-were a type of protest used often in the Civil Rights and

Free Speech Movements.

The Kitchen Debates These informal discussions pitted the merits of Communism

versus Democracy.

The March on Washington D.C. This Civil Rights event culminated in a rousing “I Have a Dream” speechby Martin Luther King Jr.

Sputnik This satellite was launched by the USSR in October of 1957—This began the Space Race.

The TetOffensive This military action took place in Vietnam in 1968.

Though it was a military victory for the U.S. it showed the American people that the war was not going well and was a psychological lift to the North Vietnamese/Vietcong.

Dejure Segregation is segregation by law. Found most commonly in the South.

Defacto Segregationrefers to segregation by fact. Found most commonly in the North.

CONCEPTS

Be able to explain/answer the following:

Why was there such a different reception for Korean War veterans than World War II veterans?

What was a blacklist? How did political witch-hunts result in these lists?

Discuss gender roles in the 1950s. Why were these roles so rigid? How have these roles changed? How have they remained similar?

Rock-n-roll debuted in the 1950s and caused consternation among some of the older generation. Why were traditionalists so concerned about the effects of rock-n-roll?

The early 1960s were unique in that it was truly a youth culture. Discuss some ways in which this is evident.

What is a "cold warrior?" How were both John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon cold warriors?

Discuss the role of television in the 1960 presidential election

The era of student protest began at University of California, Berkeley. What prompted these student protests?

How and why did the United States get involved in the Vietnam War?

How was the counterculture symbolic of the generational conflicts in America in the 1960s?

The actions of the Women's Liberation Movement broke many of the gender boundaries and taboos of earlier eras. How did the Civil Rights Movement influence this movement?

Discuss the role of television in the Vietnam War.

Discuss the class antagonisms of the Vietnam War and the war protests.

Part II ESSAYS

You will be answering TWO questions. You may either Question A or Question B for one response. EVERYONE must answer question C.

Question A (Chapter 27 in your text) as well as Happy Daze/Poisoned Dreams/Unpinned)

Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were bold leaders who called for equality for black Americans. However they differed in their approach. Within your essay, explain the following:

A. How did each leader feel that equality should be achieved?

B. Where did each leader get their concepts from?

C. Which method do you believe was best and why?

Question B

It can be argued that the Civil Rights Movement within the United states was a nearly 100 year process spanning the time from the end of the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era to the passage of legislation in the 1960's. Use the following terms to help describe the history of the Civil Rights movement from 1865 to 1965: 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment, Black Codes, KKK, Jim Crow Laws, Plessy Vs. Ferguson (Separate but Equal), Brown vs. Board of Education (integration of Public School facilities) Little Rock Nine, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Question C. (3 options--Choose one of the three).—Info from various documentaries/discussion about the JFK Assassination

  1. Write an essay in which you act as Lee Harvey Oswald’s defense attorney. Within your presentation, outline the evidence that leads to the conclusion that Oswald did not assassinate John F. Kennedy. You should have AT LEAST THREE major arguments in Oswald’s defense.
  1. Complete an essay in which you outline and discuss which conspiracy theory holds the most credibility. Explain the major tenets of the theory and then explain why you feel that the theory has credibility. Be sure to back up your arguments with facts and examples.
  1. Write an essay in which you act as the prosecuting attorney against Lee Harvey Oswald. Within your presentation, outline the evidence that leads to the conclusion that Oswald was the lone assassin and responsible for the death of President Kennedy. You should have AT LEAST THREE major arguments in your prosecution of Oswald.