Introduction
THE SUBJECTS AND VOCABULARY OF ART HISTORY
1. List five major questions that art historians ask when assessing a work of art:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
d. ______
e. ______
2. Define the following terms as used by art historians, using the text and glossary as necessary:
form ______
______
composition ______
______
material ______
______
technique ______
______
line ______
______
hue ______
______
value or tonality ______
______
intensity or saturation ______
______
space ______
______
mass ______
______
volume ______
______
perspective ______
______
foreshortening ______
______
proportion ______
______
3. Write down two types of material that could be used in creating subtractive sculpture:
a. ______b. ______
4. Write down two types of material that could be used in creating additive sculpture:
a. ______b. ______
5. Define the following sculptural terms:
high relief ______
______
low relief (bas-relief) ______
______
6. Define the following architectural terms:
plan ______
______
section ______
______
elevation ______
______
Chapter 1
THE BIRTH OF ART
AFRICA, EUROPE, AND THE NEAR EAST IN THE STONE AGE
1. Define the following terms:
incise ______
______
megalithic ______
______
post and lintel ______
______
twisted perspective ______
______
2. In what continent is humankind believed to have originated? ______
3. Around what date are human beings thought to have intentionally created art works? ______
4. The term “Paleolithic” derives from two Greek terms, “paleo,” which means ______and “lithos,” which means ______.
5. What subject was most often depicted by Paleolithic artists? ______
6. Briefly describe the differences between the so-called “Venus of Willendorf” (FIG. 1-4) and the relief of the Woman from Laussel (FIG. 1-5):
Venus of Willendorf Woman from Laussel
Material/technique: ______
Size: ______
Approximate date: ______
Bodily features: ______
7. What material was used to create the bison from Tuc d’Auboubert (FIG. 1-7)? ______
8. The bison from La Madeleine (FIG. 1-8) ______
9. List three caves or caverns that contain Paleolithic paintings:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
10. What reason could be given for their placement deep in the caves?
______
______
11. Describe the organization of the bison images from Altamira (FIG. 1-9):
______
______
12. What explanation has been given for the “spots” on the horse from Pechmerle (FIG. 1-10)?
______
______
13. What explanation has been given for the “negative” hand prints?
______
______
14. Name two differing artistic techniques used at Lascaux to depict the animals:
a. ______
b. ______
15. What evidence could be given to support the notion that the animals at Lascaux were painted at different times?
______
______
16. List two “rules” of Paleolithic painting that have been challenged by the recent discoveries at Chauvet:
a. ______
b. ______
17. List two achievements of Neolithic peoples that changed the economic basis of their lives:
a. ______
b. ______
18. List two achievements that changed their intellectual lives:
a. ______
b. ______
19. Archeological findings indicate that civilization did not originate in the Nile River valley of Egypt, as was earlier believed, but developed in grassy uplands in settlements like Jericho, located in ______and dating from the ______millennium B.C. and Çatal Hüyük, located in ______.
20. The first known permanent stone fortifications were built at the site of ______around ______B.C.
21. What possible purpose might the head illustrated in FIG. 1-15 have served?
______
______
22. Çatal Hüyük flourished between ______and ______B.C.
23. Two advantages of the absence if streets in Çatal Hüyük were:
a. ______
b. ______
24. What subjects were portrayed in the wall paintings of Çatal Hüyük?
a. ______
b. ______
25. List three changes in artistic production that paralleled the shift from a food gathering to a food producting economy:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
26. When is Stonehenge thought to have been erected? ______
27. By what means has the dating been established?
______
______
28. What is thought to have been its purpose?
______
______
Chapter 2
THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION
THE ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
1. Define or identify the following terms:
apadana ______
______
barrel vault ______
______
cella ______
______
citadel ______
______
city state ______
______
cuneiform ______
______
intaglio ______
______
lamassu ______
______
register ______
______
repoussé ______
______
stele ______
______
votive offering ______
______
ziggurat ______
______
2. Identify the following:
Hammurabi ______
______
Inanna/Ishtar ______
______
3. When was the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates river settled? ______
4. What was it called? ______
5. List three achievements that led to the area being called the “Fertile Crescent”:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
6. List three characteristics of the city states developed by the Sumerians:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
7. List three characteristics of Sumerian religion:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
8. What materials did Sumerians use to construct their temples?
______
______
9. What is the name of the platform on which the temple was placed? ______
10. How was a temple oriented? ______
11. What is meant by the “bent axis” approach to a Sumerian temple?
______
______
12. What material was used for the female head shown in FIG. 2-3? ______
13. How might it have been used? ______
______
14. What is depicted on the Warka vase (FIG. 2-4)? ______
15. How are ground lines used on the vase? ______
______
16. Are the figures depicted according to “conceptual” or “optical” principles? Explain your answer.
______
______
17. What underlying forms were used to create the statues shown in FIG. 2-5 (Statuettes of Worshippers)?
______
18. What was their purpose? ______
______
19. What is thought to be portrayed one the Standard of Ur (FIG. 2-8)?
______
______
20. List three artistic conventions seen on it:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
21. What might be the meaning of the figures on the Harp from Ur (FIG. 2-10)?
______
______
22. What new political idea was introduced by the Akkadians?
______
______
23. How did they illustrate it in their art?
______
______
24. What is a cylinder seal and how were they used?
______
______
25. The head of the Akkadian ruler shown in FIG. 2-12 combines both naturalism and formal abstract patterning. List three features that you think are examples of each:
Naturalism Abstract Patterning
a. ______a. ______
b. ______b. ______
c. ______c. ______
26. List two features of the Stele of Naram Sin that indicate his super-human status:
a. ______b. ______
27. Draw a sketch of a ziggurat:
28. What is the significance of the Stele of Hammurabi?
______
______
29. What does it tell us about the relative value of slaves and goods in ancient Babylon?
______
______
30. What is foreshortening and how is it used in the Stele of Hammurabi?
______
______
31. What is the significance of the great Lion Gate they constructed at Boghazkoy (FIG. 2-18)?
______
______
32. The Assyrian empire was located in ______and dominated this area during the ______millennium.
33. List four features of the royal citadel of Sargon II:
a. ______b. ______
c. ______d. ______
34. The doorway of the royal citadel of Sargon II was guarded by figures known as ______
35. List four stylistic features of these creatures:
a. ______b. ______
c. ______d. ______
36. What subjects were commonly portrayed in Assyrian reliefs?
______
______
37. List three characteristics of Assyrian relief sculptures that create an impression of violence and brutality:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
38. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world was created by Nebuchadnezzar. What was it and where was it located?
______
39. The Ishtar Gate (FIG. 2-26) was built in the city of ______.
40. It was decorated with representation of the ______of Marduk and the ______of Adad.
41. All its surfaces were covered with ______.
42. The great palace at Persepolis was erected in the century under and to symbolize Persian imperial power. The architects created a powerful synthesis of architectural and sculptural elements drawn form the cultures of ______, ______, and ______,
43. List four architectural features of the palace of Persepolis.
a. ______b. ______
c. ______d. ______
44. What subjects were depicted in the reliefs on the walls of the terrace and staircases of the palace at Persepolis?
______
______
45. Name three cultures that influenced the style of the palace and its reliefs:
a. ______b. ______c.______
46. Who were the Sasanians?
______
47. Name the Sasanian ruler who captured the Roman Emperor Valerian: ______
48. How was this scene illustrated at Bishapur (FIG. 2-30)?
______
______