THE IMMIGRANT AND THE CITY
I."Old" Immigrants
-Northern and Western Europe
-"WASPs"
- Exceptions to the rule
-African Americans
-Asian Americans
-Irish Americans
- "New" Immigrants
-Southern and Eastern Europe
-Slavic, Mediterranean
-Catholic, Jewish
- The City
-Overcrowding
-Poor sanitation
-Tenements
-The effects of the urban environment
THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS
- What is capitalism?
-Free markets—laissez faire
-Infinite number of buyers and sellers
-No one controls the market
-Perfect knowledge
-Unlimited mobility—no entry/exit costs
-The INVISIBLE hand of the market
- Key structural characteristics of big business
-New technology or process
-Economies of scale
-Vertical integration
-Horizontal combination (mergers)
-Monopoly & oligopoly—“trusts”
- Laissez faire capitalism?
-Infinite number of buyers and sellers?
-No one controls the market?
-Perfect knowledge?
-Unlimited mobility?
-The VISIBLE hand of management
- Areas of big business development
-Railroads—the first big businesses, 1850s
-Meatpacking—Gustavus Swift
-Steel—Andrew Carnegie
- Benefits of big business
-More and better products
-Deflation
-Creation of the middle class
-Better lifestyle for some
- Costs of big business
-Frequent economic downturns
-Long hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions
-Alienation from the process of production
-Concentrated economic and political power
-CAPITALISM vs. DEMOCRACY?
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
- Basic Overview
-Demographics
- Urban areas
- Northeast, Midwest, Pacific Coast
- Immigrants and the urban poor
- Upper-middle-class WASPs
- Shifting alliances
-Dates
- Mid-1890s - 1917
-Issues
- Immigration
- Urbanization
- Big Business
- Immigration
-The Americanization of Immigrants
- Settlement Houses – Jane Addams
-Prohibition (18th Amendment), 1919
-Reducing freedom?
- Urbanization
-Political reforms
- “Taking politics out of government”
- City Managers and Commissions
- Initiative and Recall
- Direct election of Senators (17th Amendment), 1913
- Woman suffrage (19th Amendment), 1920
- Shifting political power
-Public health
- Margaret Sanger
- Big Business
-Controlling
- “Trust-busting”
- Teddy Roosevelt v. Woodrow Wilson, 1912
- Workplace safety
- Triangle Shirtwaist fire, 1911
- Consumer safety
- Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
- Meat Packing Inspection Act, 1906
-Nurturing
- Federal Reserve System, 1913 (MONETARY policy)
FOREIGN POLICY, 1877-1917
I.) Motives for Involvement
-Manifest Destiny
-Missionary zeal
-National security
-Profits
-“Yellow Journalism”
II.) The Spanish-American War
-Background
-The Maine, February 15, 1898
-“That Splendid Little War”
-Platt Amendment, 1901
FOREIGN POLICY AND WORLD WAR I
I.) Causes
-The Central Powers
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
-Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
-The Allies
-Great Britain
-France
-Serbia
-Russia
-United States (in 1917)
-Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 1914
-The von Schlieffen Plan
-Trench warfare
II.) U.S. Involvement
-German atrocities
-Economic and cultural ties
-Neutral rights / freedom of the seas
-U-Boats
-Lusitania, May 1915
-Sussex, March 1916
-National security
-Zimmerman Note, February 1917
-Woodrow Wilson & Progressivism
III.) The War
-April 2, 1917
-American Expeditionary Force
-Armistice, November 11, 1918
IV.) The Peace Process
-Wilson's goals
-"Peace without victory"
-The Fourteen Points
-Freedom of the seas
-No secret treaties
-Arms reduction
-Self-determination
-League of Nations ***
-The Treaty of Versailles
-Redrawing the map of Europe
-Limiting German military
-Reparations
-War guilt clause
-Senate ratification
-Article 10—collective security
-Democrats
-Reservationists (Republicans)
-Irreconcilables (Republicans)
V.) Isolationism (?)
VI.) World War I and Civil Liberties on the Homefront
-June, 1917—Espionage Act
-May, 1918—Sedition Act
-Fear of Germany becomes fear of anything “un-American”
-The First Red Scare
-A. Mitchell Palmer
-SOS – “Ship or Shoot”
-Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 1921
AFRICAN-AMERICAN SOCIETY, 1877-1918
I.) The Failure of Reconstruction, 1865-77
-13th Amendment, 1865
-14th Amendment, 1868
-15th Amendment, 1870
II.) Re-imposing the Old Order
-Terror and intimidation
-Economic control—sharecropping
-Disenfranchisement
-Segregation
-Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
-"Jim Crow"
III.) Strategies for Survival
-Booker T. Washington
-Up From Slavery, 1901
-The Tuskegee Institute
-The “Atlanta Compromise”, 1895
-W.E.B. DuBois
-The Souls of Black Folk, 1903
-NAACP, 1909
IV.) The Effects of World War I
-In the Military
-The First Great Migration
-Race riots
-Harlem Renaissance
-Marcus Garvey
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
I.) The problems
-Unemployment
-Economic crisis
-Overproduction and underconsumption: "want in the midst of plenty"
-No automatic corrective mechanism
-Business executives discredited
-Individuals not responsible for their problems
-Potential for revolution ***
II.) Herbert Hoover's response:
-Voluntarism and cooperative agreements
-Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932
-Bonus Army, 1932
FDR AND THE NEW DEAL
I.) Relief
-Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933
-Civil Works Administration, 1933
-Public Works Administration, 1933
-Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933
-Works Progress Administration, 1935
II.) Recovery
-Expanded RFC
-National Recovery Administration, 1933
- Schechter v. U.S., 1935
-Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 1933
- U.S. v. Butler, 1935
III.) Reform
-“Bank Holiday”, 1933
-Glass-Steagall Act, 1933
-FDIC and FSLIC, 1933
-Securities and Exchange Commission, 1933
-Housing
- Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), 1933
- Federal Housing Administration, (FHA), 1934
- Amortization
- Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, a.k.a., “Fannie Mae”), 1938
- Loan guarantees
-Social Security Act, 1935
- Dr. Francis Townsend
- Trust fund to transfer payment
- Foundation of the welfare state
IV.) The New Deal and the federal government
-Survival of capitalism; prevention of revolution
-Creation of a mixed economy (Keynesian FISCAL policy)
-Shift from protection of property rights to protection of the well being of individual citizens ***
THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR II
I.) Isolationism (?)
- Economic vs. political involvement
- Preventing another WW I
II.) Totalitarianism
III.) Fascist Italy
-Benito Mussolini, 1922
-Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935
-1st Neutrality Act, 1935
-No sales of weapons
-2nd Neutrality Act, 1936
-No loans to belligerents
-3rd Neutrality Act, 1937
-All trade on a “cash and carry” basis
-No travel on ships of belligerent nations
IV.) Japanese Militarism
-The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
-Manchuria (Manchukuo), 1931
V.) Nazi Germany
-Adolf Hitler, 1933
-The Rhineland, March 1936
-Appeasement
-Austria, March 1938
-The Sudetenland
-The Munich Conference, 1938
-Poland, September 1939
VI.) America Enters the War
-America First—Charles Lindbergh
-June 1940—fall of France
-1940—"Destroyers for Bases"
-1941—Lend-Lease
-1941—anti-U-Boat patrols
-1940-41—trade embargo to Japan
-December 7, 1941—Pearl Harbor
-A two-front war
AMERICAN SOCIETY & THE COLD WAR
I.) "The American Century"
-Postwar prosperity
- Labor Unions
- The GI Bill (1944)
-Suburbia
- Cheap Oil
- National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, 1956
-The Baby Boom
-“Religion” vs. “atheism”
- “One Nation Under God,” 1954
- “In God We Trust,” 1955
II.) New Fears of Communism
-Atom and hydrogen bombs
-Sputnik, 1957
-China, 1949
-Korean War, 1950-1953
-Mass hysteria
III.) The Second Red Scare
-Loyalty checks—March 1947
-Alger Hiss, 1948
- Richard Nixon
-Julius and Ethel Rosenburg, 1951
-McCarthyism
- Sen. Joseph McCarthy
- The "big lie"
- Army-McCarthy Hearings, 1954
CIVIL RIGHTS
I.) World War II
-The second great migration
-African Americans in uniform
-The GI Bill
-The holocaust
II.) An activist judiciary?: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
-NAACP and litigation
-Thurgood Marshall
-Earl Warren
-Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957
III.) Grassroots Activism
-Montgomery, Alabama, 1955
-Rosa Parks
-Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
-Rev. Martin Luther King
-Civil disobedience
-Role of TV
- Lunch-Counter sit-ins, 1959-1961
-Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)
-CORE and the Freedom Rides, 1961
-Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960
-Birmingham, Alabama, 1963
-Eugene "Bull" Connor
-Letters From a Birmingham Jail
-“Bombingham”—September 15, 1963
-March on Washington, August 1963
IV.) Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Title 7
V.) Voting Rights
-Mississippi Summer Freedom Project, 1964 (SNCC)
-Schwerner, Goodman, Chaney
-Black/white tensions
-Selma, 1965
-Voting Rights Act of 1965
VI.) Civil Rights in the North
-Different problems
-De facto segregation
-Increased violence
-The riots, 1965-1967
-Black power and separatism
-Malcolm X
-Black Panthers
VII.) The Decline of Civil Rights
-Fragmentation of the movement
-White backlash
-Busing for integration
-Affirmative action
THE STUDENT MOVEMENT
I.) GROUP ONE: The New Left
-Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 1962
-Tom Hayden
-Port Huron Statement
-MississippiSumer Freedom Project, 1964
-Free Speech Movement, Berkeley, California, 1964
-Vietnam
-In decline by the early 1970s
-Split within SDS, 1968-1969
-FBI surveillance
-De-escalation in Vietnam
-No unified ideology
-Generation gap
-Goals achieved
II.) GROUP TWO: Counterculture
-Background
-The Beats (Beatniks)
-Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957
-Vietnam
-Assassinations
-Timothy Leary
-Haight Asbury, Greenwich Village
-Woodstock, New York, August 1969
-Altamont Speedway, California
THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
I.) World War II: Rosie the Riveter
II.) Postwar problems and goals
-June Cleaver (?)
-Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963
-"Comfortable concentration camp"
III.) The Birth Control Pill, 1960
IV.) GROUP ONE: middle-class liberal women
-Commission on the Status of Women, 1961
-1964 Civil Rights Act, Title 7
-National Organization for Women, (NOW), 1966
-Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
V.) GROUP TWO: younger, radical women
-Involved in Civil Rights and Student movements
-"Zap-Actions"
-ERA
V.) The Equal Rights Amendment, 1972
VI.) Equality?
-The income gap
-The feminization of poverty
POVERTY
I.) Invisible Poverty
-Bypassed by the New Deal
-Elderly
-Inner city
-Rural
II.) Lyndon B. Johnson
-"War on Poverty," January, 1964
-Great Society
-Increased aid to education
-Expanded Social Security
-Medicare and Medicaid
-Vietnam—guns vs. butter
III.) The Legacy
-Cut poverty rate in half
-Eliminated poverty among the elderly
IV.) War Against the Poor
-Nixon and the "silent majority"
-Reagan—trickle-down economics
-Public perceptions
FOREIGN POLICY IN THE COLD WAR, 1945-1989
I.) Four Characteristics:
-Munich analogy (1938)
-Atomic weapons
-Bipolar world (single enemy)
-Rise of Third World nationalism
II.) Containment
-George Kennan—"Mr. X"
-Soviet “fanaticism”
-Massive military expenditures
- Atomic weapons
- Mutual Assured Destruction
III.) Cold War or Hot War?
- Afghanistan
- Angola
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Cambodia
- Chile
- Cuba
- Czechoslovakia
- Dominican Republic
- El Salvador
- Germany
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Hungary
- Iran
- Laos
- Mozambique
- Nicaragua
- North Korea
- North Vietnam
- Peru
- South Korea
- South Vietnam
- Turkey
- Zaire
THE KOREAN WAR
I.) Effects of World War II
-38th parallel
-North Korean nationalism
II.) North Korea invades the South, 1950
-United Nations "Police Action"
-Truman vs. MacArthur, 1951
-Eisenhower elected, 1952
-July 1953—war ends
III.) Effects of the Korean War
-Global containment
-Increased military expenditures
-Different types of communism
-Nationalism vs. communism
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
I.) Legacy of the Spanish-American War (1898)
-Continued U.S. involvement
-Fulgencio Batista
II.) Fidel Castro, 1959 - ?
-Bay of Pigs, April 1961
III.) Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
-Soviet IRBM’s
-“Quarantine
-Nikita Khrushchev
VIETNAM
I.) French Indochina
-Ho Chi Minh
-Dien Bien Phu, May, 1954
-North and South Vietnam
II.) Problems in South Vietnam
-Political corruption
-Ngo Dinh Diem, etc.
-Increasing U.S. support
-The Domino Theory
III.) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
-August 1964
-Escalation
IV.) The Players:
-U.S. and ARVN
-NVA and Vietcong (VC)
V.) Different Attitudes Toward War
-United States and technology
-Bombing
-Napalm and Agent Orange
-"Winning the hearts and minds . . ."
-North Vietnam and the people’s war
-Guerilla warfare
-The Ho Chi Minh Trail
-My Lai—who is the enemy?
VI.) The Unwinnable War
-Tet offensive, January 1968
-Political casualties—LBJ and the Democrats
-Nixon and Vietnamization
-Cambodia, 1970
-Final withdrawal, January 1973
-The fall of Saigon, April 1975
VII.) Reasons for Failure
-Nationalism vs. communism
-Corruption in South Vietnam
-North Vietnamese dedication
-Poor U.S. military leadership
-Attitudes of U.S. leaders
VIII.) Was Victory Possible?
IX.) The Cost of the War
WATERGATE
I.) Nixon
-Early political career
-Paranoia
-The Pentagon Papers, 1967
- Daniel Ellsberg, 1971
-"Enemies List"
-The Plumbers
- G. Gordon Liddy
-Tape recorders
-Project Gemstone
II.) 1972 Election
-Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)
-Watergate break-in, June 1972
-Obstruction of justice
-Why not admit guilt?
III.) Nixon exposed
-The Washington Post
- Bob Woodward
- Carl Bernstein
- W. Mark Felt (a.k.a., “Deep Throat”)
-John Dean, White House attorney
-Archibald Cox, Special Prosecutor
-"The Saturday Night Massacre"
- Eliot Richardson, Attorney General
-Supreme Court, June 1974
-Nixon Resigns, August 9, 1974
IV.) The Effects of Watergate
-Danger of a powerful (imperial) President
-The system worked
-Public distrust of government
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL AGE
I.) The End of the American Century
-The 1970s
- Oil embargoes (1973 & 1979) and the energy crisis
- Stagflation
- Environmental issues
- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, (1962)
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1971
- LoveCanal, 1978
- Three Mile Island, 1979
II.) Blowback from the Cold War
-Afghanistan
- The muhajadin and jihad
-Iran and Iraq
- Iran: The CIA and Mohammed Mossadegh, 1954
- Iran: The Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979
- Shah Riza Pahlavi
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- Iran: The Iran-Contra Scandal, 1985-1987
- Iran-Iraq war, 1980s
- Iraq: Aid to Saddam Hussein ($40 billion)
- Iraq: Kuwait and Desert Storm, 1991
- 9/11 and Operation Iraqi Freedom
III.) Globalization
-Multinational corporations
-The World Trade Organization, NAFTA, etc.
-The "New Economy"
-Is knowledge enough?
-What about the working class?
-Equalization or growing inequity?
-Not everyone wants to be an American