The Renaissance and Reformation – in sum
The thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in the Middle Ages. New ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European world. Starting in the city states on the ______peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man that could be seen in many different fields such as ______, architecture, ______, and ______, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed toward ______, by the 1300s the focus was on ______and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the days of Greece and ______. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or ______, because folks so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward ______as their works portrayed things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were ______, the painter of the Sistine Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this day including ______, and ______. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its way northward where the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths of human emotions – thus personifying certain aspects of ______. Meanwhile, medicine and mathematics progressed rapidly as people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of merely to supernatural explanations. All told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the Renaissance, the general trend was away from spiritual things. This is known as ______.
The ______Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well as some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was in store in the 1500s. When ______nailed his ____ Theses to a church door in Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just that as this action precipitated what has become known as the ______.
Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of strong ______threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the prestige of the Papacy was obliterated by the ______when the popes were held hostage in ______, and the Great ______, when there were as many as _____ people claiming to pope at the same time and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it all off, the buying and selling of church offices, or ______, plus the favoritism toward family members, or ______, was running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in their diocese (______) or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great public scandal as they mastered the ______Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the eventual breakup of ______, which was marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.
It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in ______. The sale of ______(which decrease one’s punishment in ______) was promoted throughout Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on the church door. But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy ______through the use of the recently invented ______. Eventually, he became popular enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as led by ______V. By 1521, Luther had been ______by the Church and his books banned by the ______. He likely would have been killed had he not been granted refuge by ______the Wise of Saxony. While under Frederick’s care, he continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually include the belief in Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the ______, and support for the ______of all believers since everybody could interpret the Bible for themselves.
As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed. Immediately came the ______Revolt followed by intermittent war within the ______Roman Empire that did not end until ______with the Peace of ______. This peace allowed for lands ruled by Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless, war would soon return in the form of the ______War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. This war resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the ______of ______in 1648. Since this time the ______part of Germany has been Protestant and the ______part Catholic.
One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John ______. He would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the ______in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the ______, or chosen people of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were predestined and therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a ______government in Geneva. This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He also set up a school to train others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called ______and have always been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and Scotland where it would be called Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace until the ______of Nantes in 1598 officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.
While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own little revolution. King ______VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a ______heir. His wife, ______of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with one surviving child – a daughter named ______. Seeking an ______from the pope stating that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down. Consequently, the Act of ______was passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or ______Church, as separate from the Catholic Church, and it made the ______the head of the Church. With his marriage now ended, Henry married Anne ______and eventually four others in succession. Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as ______VI in 1547. Edward died young and was succeeded by ______(1553-1558) who was a Catholic and ______I (1558-1603), who would become an Anglican. Through it all, many died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions broke out sporadically
As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the 1500s, led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V, cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants. The major reforms were instituted by the ______of ______which met from 1545-1563 with numerous intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of priests called the ______, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of ______. They combated heresy all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found some success winning back converts in France and the ______. They were supported again by the Holy Roman Emperor, ______V and later his son Philip II.
The Renaissance and Reformation – in sum
The thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in the Middle Ages. New ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European world. Starting in the city states on the _Italian______peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man that could be seen in many different fields such as ______art______, architecture, ___medicine__, and ____philosophy__, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed toward _God__, by the 1300s the focus was on _man__ and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the days of Greece and ___Rome___. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or _”Rebirth”_, because folks so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward _realism______as their works portrayed things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were _Michelangelo__, the painter of the Sistine Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this day including _Raphael______, and ____da Vinci___. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its way northward where the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths of human emotions – thus personifying certain aspects of _humanism______. Meanwhile, medicine and mathematics progressed rapidly as people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of merely to supernatural explanations. All told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the Renaissance, the general trend was away from spiritual things. This is known as _secularism______.
The __Catholic____Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well as some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was in store in the 1500s. When ___Martin______Luther______nailed his _95_Theses to a church door in Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just that as this action precipitated what has become known as the _Protestant______Reformation____.
Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of strong __monarchs_____ threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the prestige of the Papacy was obliterated by the __Babylonian______Captivity____ when the popes were held hostage in __Avignon____, and the Great Western ___Schism_____, when there were as many as _3___ people claiming to pope at the same time and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it all off, the buying and selling of church offices, or __simony______, plus the favoritism toward family members, or __nepotism___, was running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in their diocese (___absenteeism______) or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great public scandal as they mastered the _7_ __Deadly_____ Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the eventual breakup of _Christendom_____, which was marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.
It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in _Rome_____. The sale of __indulgences_ (which decrease one’s punishment in _Purgatory______) was promoted throughout Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on the church door. But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy __Roman______Empire_____ through the use of the recently invented __Printing__ ___Press______. Eventually, he became popular enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as led by _Charles___V. By 1521, Luther had been _excommunicated_ by the Church and his books banned by the _state____. He likely would have been killed had he not been granted refuge by _Frederick_ the Wise of Saxony. While under Frederick’s care, he continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually include the belief in Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the _Pope___, and support for the _priesthood____ of all believers since everybody could interpret the Bible for themselves.
As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed. Immediately came the _Peasant’s____ Revolt followed by intermittent war within the _Holy____ Roman Empire that did not end until _1555__ with the Peace of _Augsburg_____. This peace allowed for lands ruled by Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless, war would soon return in the form of the _30______Years’___ War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. This war resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the __Treaty______of __Westphalia____ in 1648. Since this time the __northern____ part of Germany has been Protestant and the _southern_____ part Catholic.
One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John _Calvin____. He would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the _Christian______Religion___ in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the _elect_____, or chosen people of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were predestined and therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a _theocratic___ government in Geneva. This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He also set up a school to train others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called _Huguenots____ and have always been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and Scotland where it would be called Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace until the _Edict___ of Nantes in 1598 officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.
While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own little revolution. King __Henry______VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a ___male___ heir. _Catherine______of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with one surviving child – a daughter named ___Mary______Tudor____. Seeking an __annulment__ from the pope stating that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down. Consequently, the Act of _Supremacy_____ was passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or _Anglican_____Church, as separate from the Catholic Church, and it made the _king__ the head of the Church. With his marriage now ended, Henry married Anne _Boleyn______and eventually four others in succession. Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as __Edward______VI in 1547. Edward died young and was succeeded by Mary Tudor (1553-1558) who was a Catholic and Elizabeth I (1558-1603), who would become an Anglican. Through it all, many died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions broke out sporadically.
As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the 1500s, led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants. The major reforms were instituted by the _Council____ of ___Trent__ which met from 1545-1563 with numerous intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of priests called the __Jesuits______, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of _Loyola___. They combated heresy all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found some success winning back converts in France and the _Holy______Roman______Empire____. They were supported again by the Holy Roman Emperor, __Charles_____ V and later his son Philip II.