The Presidency of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

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The Presidency of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

Chapter 6 Sections 2-3 (Page 202-211)

1.The Presidency of John Adams

2. Essential Question:How did foreign policy challenges affect political debate and shape American government?

3. Reading Focus Questions:

1.How did Adams compare with Washington?
2.How did U.S. policy toward France change under Adam’s administration?
3.Were the Alien and Sedition Acts justified under the circumstances? Explain?
4.Why do you think the Framers did not foresee the problem that emerged during the election of 1800?

4. John Adams was elected in 1796

Based on the map what part of the country favored John Adams? What part favored Jefferson? According to the map, who becomes John Adams Vice President?

5. John Adams faces problems

6. The X,Y,Z, Affair

7. The Alien and Sedition Acts

In 1798 Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts making it a crime to criticize the government.
Immigrants, most of whom tended to favor Democratic Republicans, could be deported.
The Federalists claimed the acts were necessary to stop unhealthy criticism that was undermining trust in the government.
Democratic Republicans charged the acts violated the Constitution and were aimed to silence the opposition.

8. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

9. Shortly before the 1800 election, President Adams sought peace with France.

10. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

11. Essential Question: What were the successes and failures of the Jefferson administrations?

12. Reading Focus Questions:

1.What ideal did Jefferson believe was crucial to a democratic society?
2.What changes did Jefferson make in the federal government?
3.What economic developments helped Jefferson achieve some of his goals?
4. Who was Marbury and why was he suing Madison?
5. Why did the Supreme Court rule against Marbury?
6.How did the Court both expand and limit its powers with this decision?
7.Why did Jefferson want to buy Louisiana?
8. Why might Jefferson have been willing to abandon strict constructionist principles in order to buy the Louisiana Territory?

13. The Election of 1800

14.Thomas Jefferson viewed his election as a revolution in the principles of government.

Federalists held expensive public displays to gain respect for the government. Jefferson ended these as aristocratic threats to the republic.
Where the Federalists discouraged public criticism, Jefferson invited debate and discussion.

15. Thomas Jefferson

16. The Duel!

17. Issues!

At the beginning of his term, Jefferson’s Administration faced controversy over last-minute decisions made by John Adams…this “battle” went to the Supreme Court

18.John Marshall

In 1801, John Marshall became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
A last-minute appointee, Marshall eventually served 35 years and participated in over a thousand court decisions.
Marshall wrote over half of those decisions himself, more than any other Supreme Court Justice.

19. Judicial Review

20. Marbury vs. Madison

In 1801, outgoing President John Adams appointed William Marbury (Federalist) to be a judge.
Incoming Secretary of State James Madison (Democratic Republican) refused to give Marbury his appointment, so Marbury sued.
Marshall ruled against Marbury stating that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.

21. The Supreme Court

22. Judicial Review

24. The Louisianna Purchase

In 1803, Jefferson doubled the area of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory.
Jefferson saw farm ownership as an ideal that freed citizens from a landlord or employer.
He wanted to expand the U.S. westward so more Americans could be free farmers.
But, French Emperor Napoleon owned Louisiana and threatened to forbid American farmers from using the port of New Orleans.

25. The Louisiana Purchase continued..

Jefferson asked to buy New Orleans. To his surprise, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory.
Jefferson decided to contradict his “strict construction” principles. (The power to purchase foreign territory is not specifically granted by the Constitution.)

26. The Lewis and Clark Expedition

27. Jefferson faces problems

28.Even More Problems

War between France and Britain brought profits for American merchants but also led to trouble.
The British Navy began stopping American ships and confiscating their cargo.
To meet a shortage of sailors, they also began to force or “press” American sailors to serve in the British Navy, a practice called impressment.

29. The Embargo

Jefferson asked Congress for an embargo, hoping a loss of American goods would change Britain’s policies.
The embargo failed to hurt Britain, but American merchants and farmers suffered from unemployment, bankruptcy, and loss of profits.
Despite the failure of the embargo, the U.S. expanded westward, grew economically,
and reduced its debt.