Chapter 11 SG
•Imperialism:
– the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
•Racism:
–a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the others.
•Social Darwinism:
–a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated.
•Berlin Conference:
– Meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa.
•Shaka:
–died 1828, Zulu military leader, who founded the Zulu Empire in southern Africa
•Boer:
–A Dutch colonist in South Africa
•Boer War:
–a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.
3. Why did the Europeans control such a small portion of Africa in the 1800s?
Powerful African Armies, impassable rivers, diseases
4. What were some of the internal factors that contributed to imperialism in Africa?
Africans’ vast spectrum of languages and cultures, wars between ethnic groups, lack of weapons and technology.
5. Why did the Boers and the British fight over southern Africa?
Both wanted access to gold and diamonds.
•Paternalism:
–A policy of treating a subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.
•Assimilation:
– A policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs.
•Menelik II:
– was king of Shewa and emperor of Ethiopia (1889). He expanded the empire, repelled an Italian invasion, and modernized Ethiopia.
3. What idea is the policy of assimilation based on?
The idea that local people would eventually be absorbed into the colonizers’ culture.
4. Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful?
Europeans’ superior weapons
5. How did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture?
Traditional authorities replaced; men forced to leave their villages to find work.
•Geopolitics:
–a foreign policy based upon consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands.
•Crimean War:
– a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
•Suez Canal:
–The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. After 10 years of construction, it was officially opened on November 17, 186
•3. What is geopolitics?
–An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products.
•4. Why did Great Britain want to control the Suez Canal?
–For quicker access to its colonies in Africa and Asia
•5. Why did the Persian people oppose their ruler’s policy of selling business concession to European?
–They dislike Western influence
•Sepoy Mutiny:
– a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857.
•“jewel in the crown” :
–the British colony of India—so called because of its importance in the British Empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods.
•Sepoy Mutiny
–a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857–59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown
•Raj:
The British controlled portions of India in the years 1757-1947
•3. Why did Britain consider India its “jewel in the crown”?
•Because India was the most valuable British Colony
•4. Why didn’t Indians unite against the British in the Sepoy Mutiny?
•Weak leadership and conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.
•5. What form did British rule tae under the Raj?
•Direct rule; India was divided into province and districts and ruled directly by British officials.
•Pacific Rim
–Is a geographic area surrounding the edges of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Rim covers the western shores of North America and South America, in addition to Australia, eastern Asia and the islands of the Pacific.
•King Mongkut
–was king of Thailand as Rama IV. He founded modern Thai Buddhism and as king took a leading role in opening his kingdom to the West.
•Emilio Aguinaldo
–was a Filipino general who played an important role in the Philippine Revolution against Spain, and later led Filipino insurgent soldiers against American forces.
•Annexation:
–The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
•Queen Liliuokalani:
–The Constitutional Queen of The Nation of Hawaii 1891–1893, Free Hawaii
3. How were the Dutch East India Trading Company and the British East India Company similar?
Both were trading companies that practiced economic imperialism.
4. What changes took place in Southeast Asia as a result of colonial control?
Economies grew; education and health improved; areas unified but lost local leaders; migration resulted in culture change.
5. Why did some groups believe that the United States should colonize like the Europeans?
They believed the united states was destined to become a world power.