1
The NationalYang-MingUniversity
Schoolof Nursing
Institute of Community Health Nursing
Ethnographic and Qualitative Inquiry
Spring, 2007
Credits: 3 semester hours
Class Time: Friday1:30-4:30pm
Faculty: Zxy-yann Jane Lu, RN, PhD
Course description
This course critically examines ethnographic and related qualitative approaches applied in research. The discussion emphasizes on philosophical bases of ethnographic and related qualitative inquiries, whereas the analysis focuses on paradigmatic nature of qualitative approaches in contrast to quantitative approaches. The class presents sampling and a variety of data collection procedures; discusses issues on rigor; explores methods of analysis appropriate to the data; and considers ethical issues associated with each stage of the research.
Required Textbooks
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.
Recommended textbooks:
Creswell, J. W. (1997). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions.Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Geertz, C. (2000). The interpretation of culture. Harper Collins Pub. Basic Books.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological
Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2nd. ed.). (1995). Ethnography: Principles in practice. New York: Routledge.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry.NewburyPark: Sage Pub.
Morse, J. M. (ed). (1993). Critical issues in qualitative research methods.Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Morse, J. M. (ed).（1990）. Qualitative Nursing Research.NewburyPark: Sage Press.
Morse, J. M. (ed). (1997). Completing a qualitative project: Details and dialogue.Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (2nd. ed.). (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. NewburyPark: Sages Pub.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wolcott, H. F. (1995). The art of fieldwork.Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press.
Course Objectives
At the completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Identify world views of various paradigms.
2. Discuss major concepts in phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, feminist participatory action research, and critical reflective inquiry.
3. Formulate research questions with appropriate qualitative approaches.
4. Characterize theoretical saturation in theoretical sampling.
5. Discuss the relationship between researchers and informants
6. Select the appropriate methodology for the research question proposed.
a. Define study settings and sampling strategies.
b. Utilize appropriate data collection methods.
c. Discuss specific issues on rigor for the specified qualitative methodology.
d. Organize data with referential adequacy.
7. Determine the strengths and weaknesses of data analysis methods.
8. Evaluate a qualitative nursing research based on specified criteria.
9. Analyze the ethical issues involved in clinical nursing research.
Course Evaluation
1. Class participation 15
Demonstrate your participation in discussion, Raise critical questions, and preparation prior to the class by reading class materials. Successful session will be the responsibility of each student.
2. Prepared presentation in seminar topics20
Select seminar topics of interest and conduct discussion in the class. Discuss with instructor about the preparation of the materials at least one month prior to the presentation. Emphases are on raising issues and generating critical discussion.
Outline preparationwith instructor4
Content comprehension4
Raise critical questions for discussion6
Closely comply with time frame3
Audiovisual aids preparation3
Total 20
3. Fieldwork reflection presentation 20
The presentation aims to provide opportunities for self-reflection of one’s fieldwork experience. Students should select a research topic and carry out data collection with interview or observation guides. Presentation should discuss the rationale for data collection methods and reflect on one’s fieldwork processes. The focuses are the analysis of subjectivity, intersubjectivity and reflecxivity.
Interview or observation guides4
Discussion of the rationale for selected data collection methods4
Analysis of subjectivity, intersubjectivity and reflecxivity8
References for Interview or observation guides4
Total20
4. Research Proposal oral presentation25
Select a specific nursing phenomenon of your interest and apply a specific qualitative research methodology to write up a proposal. Justification of a specific methodology needs to be clearly identified. Research process including sampling strategies, data collection procedure, data management and analysis plan should be discussed for its appropriateness.
Demonstrate the consistency between research questions and
selected methodology4
Content comprehension7
Raise critical questions for discussion7
Closely comply with time frame4
Succinct audiovisual preparation3
Total 25
5. Written research proposal(deadline 6/30/2006)30
Significance to nursing of research topic3
Synthesis of Literature and the gap is clearly identified3
Sampling strategy3
Data collection procedure3
Data management and analysis plan5
Rigor of research process5
Sufficient literature support5
APA style 3
Total 30
1
The NationalYang-MingUniversity
Schoolof Nursing
Institute of Community Health Nursing
Ethnographic and Qualitative Inquiry
Spring, 2006
Class Schedule
DateTopicsObjectives
3/2 Course overview Discuss the emergence of
Wk1Introduction qualitative research
Identify the characteristics of
qualitative methodology
Required Readings
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap.1
Recommended Readings
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry.NewburyPark: Sage Pub. Chap. 1.
DateTopicsObjectives
3/9Major paradigms andCompare and contrast the perspectives in qualitative essential characteristics of inquiry major paradigms in qualitative inquiry
Identify howthe specific perspectivesimpact on the processes and content of an inquiry
Required Readings
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap. 8.
DateTopicsObjectives
3/16Paradigms andCompare and contrast theperspectives reexamined paradigms and perspectives shaped your professional
Knowledge and assigned
Papers
Required Readings
林崇熙，(1998)，「免洗餐具的誕生：醫學知識在台灣的社會性格分析」，台灣社會研究季刊32：1-37。
Martin, M. (2004)。卵子與精子。科技渴望性別，02，199-224。顧彩璇譯。吳嘉苓校訂。
DateTopicsObjectives
3/23Historical developmentDescribe the historical root of
of ethnographyethnography in anthropology
The concept of cultureDescribe the conceptual
Major concepts indefinition of culture
ethnography：holistic,Identify major concepts in
contextual, reflexivity,ethnography
emic, etic, the other,Consider the applications
native point of view,of these concepts in
cultural relativism,research process
ethnocentrism
Required Readings
潘英海。（民八十五）。人類學的田野工作--從馬凌諾斯基談起。第二屆中華民國國際榮譽護理學會質性研討會。台北：國防醫學院。
Boyle, J. S. (1994). Styles of ethnography. In J. M. Morse (ed). Critical issues in qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Pp.159-185.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(2nd. ed.). (eds.). (2000).Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap. 2. (pp.37-84).
Recommended Readings
Aamodt, A. M. (1991). Ethnography and epistemology: Generating nursing knowledge. In J. M. Morse (ed). Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue. NewburyPark: Sage Pub. Pp.39-53.
Burawoy, M., Burton, A., Ferguson, A. A., Fox, K. J., Gamson, J., Gartrell, N., Hurst, L., Kurzman, C., Salzinger, L., Schiffman, J. & Ui, S. (1991). Ethnography unbound: power and resistance in the modern metropolis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. Harper Collins Pub. Basic Books. Chap.1.
蔣欣欣、盧孳艷。(民85)。健康與疾病的文化觀及現象分析。護理雜誌。 43(4), 42-48.
賴豐美、盧孳艷。（民87）。女性照顧者對居家失能病患照顧情境之經驗。護理研究，6(5), p. 372-382。
DateTopicsObjectives
3/30FieldworkCharacterize various types of
Participant observation observation methods
RecontextualizingDepict three levels of observations
ObservationDiscuss subjectivity and reflexivity in
The process of observation
Required Readings
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap. 28.
余光弘. (1996). 參與觀察與參加觀察:以蘭嶼經驗為例略論參與觀察的階段與深度. 國立台灣大學考古人類學刊, 51, 59-73.
Recommended Readings
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 53-62, 73-84, 100-111, 122-129.
Wolcott, H. F. (1995). The art of fieldwork.Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp.63-154.
DateTopicsObjectives
4/6 No class
DateTopicsObjectives
4/13Ethnographic interviewCharacterize three levels of
From neutral stance to ethnographic interview
Political involvementDiscuss the strengths and
weaknesses of various types of interview methods (including group interview-focus group)
present intersubjectivity and reflectivity in interview processes
Required Reading
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.Pp.695-728.
Recommended Reading
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 55-68, 78-91, 120-131, 155-172.
DateTopicsObjectives
4/20Oral HistoryDifferentiate written history and oral history
Examine perspectives in oral history inquiry
Required Reading
口述史與性別研究專輯。(2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
謝國雄 (2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
江文瑜。(1996)。口述史法。In胡幼慧編。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北：巨流。249-269。
DateTopicsObjectives
4/27 Oral HistoryIdentify data collection approachesand data
Feminist narrativessources
Required Readings
Chase, S. E. (2005). Narrative inquiry: multiple lenses, approaches, voices. In N. K.Denzin & Y. S.Lincoln (3rd. ed.). (eds.).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.Pp, 651-679.
傅大為。 (2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
成令方 (2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
DateTopicsObjectives
5/4Feminist narrativesUtilize the approaches of oral history to collect data of life stories
of older women
Required Reading
江文瑜編。(1995)。阿媽的故事。台北：玉山社。
吳嘉苓。 (2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
周芬姿 (2004)。當代。202, 14-49。
DateTopicsObjectives
5/11Theoretical samplingDiscuss the sampling principles
theoretical sensitivityin qualitative inquiry
theoretical saturationHow to develop theoretical
sensitivity in data collection and data analysis in qualitative inquiry
Identify characteristics of theoretical saturation
Required Readings
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (2nd ed.) (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. NewburyPark: Sages Pub. Pp.176-194.
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological Press. Pp. 36-82.
Recommended Readings
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.
DateTopicsObjectives
5/18 Fieldwork reflection presentation
DateTopicsObjectives
5/25 Data management and Apply the constant comparison
-6/1 data analysis method in research
Compare and contrast various
data sources and data storage
Combine the various strategies
to generate themes
Required Readings
Hsieh, H. F. & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 107-119, 132-154, 173-184.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. NewburyPark: Sages Pub. Pp.57-175.
Recommended Readings
Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2nd. ed.). (1995). Ethnography: Principles in practice. New York: Tavistock Pub. Pp. 205-238.
Huberman, A. M. & Miles, M. B. (2nd. ed.). (1994). Qualitative data analysis : An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.
Russell, B. H. (1994). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap. 9.
Sandelowski, M. (1995). Qualitative analysis: What it is and how to begin. Research in Nursing & Health.18, 371-375.
DateTopicsObjectives
6/8 Feminist participatoryDiscuss the major
action research concepts of critical
critical consciousnesstheory
consciousness-raisingConsider the application
cycle of action-reflectionof these concepts in
empowerment, liberationresearch process
enlightenment
Required Readings
夏林清。(1996)。實踐取向的研究方法。In胡幼慧編。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北：巨流。Pp.99-120.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S.(3rd. ed.). (eds.). (2005).The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Chap. 23.
Recommended readings
林雪貴。（2000）。更年期婦女成長團體經驗之參予式研究。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文。Pp. 35-42, 57-127.
Henderson, D. J. (1995). Consciousness-raising in participatory research: method and methodology for emancipatory nursing inquiry. Advances in Nursing Science, 17(3), 58-69.
Maguire, P. (1987). Doing participatory research: A feminist approach. Mass: University of Massachusetts. Pp. 28-47, 74-108.
Park, P. (1993). What is participatory research? a theoretical and methodological perspective. In P. Park, M. Brydon-Miller, B. Hall, & T. Jackson (Eds.), Voice of change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada (pp. 1-19). Toronto, Ontario: Toronto: OISE.
Wuest, J. & Merritt-Gray, M. (1997). Participatory action research: Practical dilemmas and emancipatory possibilities. In Morse, J. M. (ed.), Completing a qualitative project: Details and dialogue.Thousand Oaks: Sage. Pp. 283-309.
DateTopicsObjectives
6/15-6/22Issues on rigorDiscuss the conceptual concerns
in datacollection processes
Analyze principles in data
quality
Compare and contrast variousstrategies to obtain rigor in qualitative research
Required Readings
Lincoln, Y. S. & Cuba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage Pub. Chapter 11.
Sandelowski, M.(1993). Rigor or rigor mortis: The problem of rigor in qualitative research revisited. Advances in Nursing Science, 16(2), 1-8.
Thorne, S. (1997). The art (and science) of critiquing qualitative research. In Morse, J. M. (ed.), Completing a qualitative project: Details and dialogue.Thousand Oaks: Sage. Pp. 117-133.
Johnson, J. L. (1997). Generalizability in qualitative research: Excavating the discourse. In Morse, J. M. (ed.), Completing a qualitative project: Details and dialogue.Thousand Oaks: Sage. Pp.191-210.
Recommended Readings
Kuzel, A. J. & Engel J. D. (2001). Some pragmatic thoughts about evaluating qualitative health research. In Morse, J. M., Swanson, J. M. & Kuzel, A. J. (Eds.), The Nature of Qualitative Evidence. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub. Pp.114-140.
Sandelowski, M. (1986). The problem of rigor in qualitative research. Advanced in Nursing Science, 8(3), 27-37.
DateTopicsObjectives
6/29 Final Presentation & course evaluation