Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the altitude of the tropopause
The major jet streams on Earth are westerly winds (flowing west to east)
Generally, the warm air is on the equator side and the cold air on the pole side. As the air moves toward the pole the Coriolis force turns it to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. In both cases, this creates jet streams flowing generally from west to east.
El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific
In Spanish, the capitalized term "El Niño" refers to the Christ child, Jesus (male – Child). La Niña, chosen as the 'opposite' of El Niño, literally means "The (female) Child". El Niño was so named because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is often noticed around Christmas
Cyclones – collision of opposite character winds like polar &tropical winds. it is a unstable system of winds circulating round with low pressure at the centre & high pressure out. Winds flow from outer to inner. It is anticlockwise in the N.H. & clockwise in S.H. found as typhoons, hurricanes etc. it is of 2 types temperate & tropical.
Temperate cyclones (b/w 30 – 65 latitudes). Formed due to difference of winds meeting at these latitudes. Under the influence of trade winds it moves from west to east, large, originate due to polar + subpolar winds, in winters, slow & long rain, formed equally in ocean & land, it contain cold & warm front.
Tropical cyclones – (b/w the tropics) formed due to intense heat & conventional winds at tropics, in summers, heavy & short rain, moves from east to west, small, formed in ocean, no fronts.
Anticyclones – are opposite to cyclones. High pressure at centre & flow in to out. It is anticlockwise in S.H. & clockwise in N.H. found in polar, high pressure belts.
Mulching - is an age old practice of mixing dried leaves, twigs, stalk etc into the soil to improve its fertility condition & conserve moisture.
The tomato variety arka samrat is growing through mulching process.
Famous grassland of the world
Savana – Africa; Pampas – Arzentina, Brazil
Campas – Brazil ; Priaries – N. America, Argentina
Steppes – Mid Europe and Asia (Siberia), N. America, Urasia, RSA, Australia
Waild – Africa; Pustez – Hungary
Pataka – Sri Lanka; Parkland – S.Africa
Llanos – Veneguela ; Weld – S. Africa
CIRQUE – when snow from the mountain peaks slides & gets deposited in a hollow thus enlarging it further.
FIORD – where the lower end of the trough is drowned by the sea if forms a deep steep side inlet.
MORAINE - material transported & deposited by a glacier. (debris)
SAND DUNES – a spot where the wind meets an obstruction, dunes are formed out of a loess soil. ( which is a silt)
LAGOON – a shallow lake formed b/w sand & sea coast. Eg kayal in kerala, Chilka lake.
STALAGMITE - that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings.
STALACTITES - that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, Any material which is soluble, can be deposited as a colloid
Boundary / Count. B/w / Boundary / Count.B/w
Red Cliff / India & Pakistan / Maginot line / France &Germany
Mac Mohan / India & China / 17 P. line / N. Vietnam& S.Vietnam
38 Parallel Line / N.Korea & S.Korea / 16 P. line / Namibia & Angola
49 Parallel line / USA & Canada / Hindenberg line / Germany&
Poland
Durand Line / Pakistan& Afghanistan / Siegfried line / Germany &France
24 line / India & Pakistan / Blueline / China & Tibet
Tribes / Place / Tribes / Place
Maori / New Zealand / Barbar / Alzeria
Laps / Tundra region of Europe / Bushman / Kalahari Desert
Pigmys / Congo Basin (Zaire) / Maya / Mexico
Eskimos / Tundra region, Greenland, Canada / Julu / S.A.
Khirgese / Steppes of Siberia / Eta / Phillipines
Bantu / Mid Africa and SA / Gaddi / J & K
Bindub / W.Australia / Tharu, Bhotia / Uttrakhand
Masai / E. Africa / Toda / Nilgiri Hills (TN)
Semang / Malaysia / Santhal / Plateau of Chota Nagpur(Jharkhand)
Beda / Sri Lanka / Garo, Khasi , Jaintia / Meghalaya
Enu / Japan / Nigros, Shampon / Andaman &Nicobar
Hosha / Nigeria / Bheel / Rajasthan & MP
Red Indian / N.A. / Gond / Bihar & MP
Halwa / Chattisgarh / Munda / Jharkhand
Agriculture / Place / Agriculture / place
Ladong / Malaysia / Ray / Vietnam
Jhoom / N.India / Chena / Sri Lanka
Rocca / Brazil / Dhaiya / MP (India)
Conku / Venuzuela / Logan / Western Africa
Tavi / Madagascar
Old name / New name / Old name / New name
Nippon / Japan / Compuchia / Combodia
Pharmosa / Taiwan / Irish free state / Ireland
Dutch Guyana / Surinam / Persia / Iran
Congo / Norway / Burma / Myanmar
Holland / Netherland / Shyam / Thailand
Upper Bolta / Burkina Faso / Ceylon / Sri Lanka
Avadh / Lucknow / Mesopotamia / Iraq
East Pakistan / Bangladesh
NATIONAL PARK – is used for conservation purpose. It can be a wildlife sanctuaries. It has a specific legislation owned by states.
SANCTUARY - may be set aside by govt. agency cooperative group. It is a safe place. Without boundary, a natural home of endangered species.
Contour bunding is the construction of small bund across the slope of the land on a contour so that the long slope is cut into a series of small ones and each contour bund acts as a barrier to the flow of water, thus making the water to walk rather than run.
1.zozilla, banihal, changla, khardungla – J & K
2.shiplika, rohtang, baralacha, kunjun – HP
3. Mana, Lipulekh, niti, nama – UK
4. bomidila – Ar. P
5. Khyber – Pak & Afghanistan
6. Nathula, Jelepla, Goecha – Sikkim
7. Bolan – Baluchistan
Tropical evergreen (rain) forest :- it extends b/w 10 N & 10 S of equator. they are dense, look evergreen. Rainfall over 200 cm, 25-270C. In India it is found in hot and humid areas of north east, Tarai regions, western portion of western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar islands. Cinchona, Tar, Mahagony, Bamboo, Baint, Ebony, rosewood rubber, coconut, lianas, ferns, iron wood etc. it is divided as
a) tropical wet evergreen forest -: rainfall 250 cm or above. Ebony, rosewood, ironwood. Northeastern states, W. Ghats. Ebony, rosewood, bamboos, fern canes etc.
b) tropical semi evergreen – below 200 cm rainfall. champa, canes, ferns, semul etc.
c) tropical moist deciduous – 150 – 200 cm rainfall. Found on eastern slopes of western ghats, orissa. Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, tendu, sandal, kusum etc. Shed their leaves during spring & early summer.
Tropical deciduous :- are found in temperate regions of north central eurpoe, eastern Asia & US. Rainfall b/w 75 – 125. In India it grow over Sahayadris, foothills of Himalayas, the Bhabar, Tarai. Sal, Sandalwood, teak, Shisham, khair
Dry deciduous forest – 70 to 100. Trees shed their leaves completely in dry season. Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel khair, axlewood etc. in western & southern part of rajasthan.
Tropical thorn forest – less than 50 cm rain. Kikar, babul, ber, wild date palm, khair, neem, khagri, palas, OK, bushes & shrubs. Their wood is generally used as fuel.
Tropical Savanna – it extends from 50 to 300 N – S of the equator. Temperature - 25 to 30. Rainfall is 150 – 200. Characterized with tall grass, often termed ‘parkland’.
Mediterranean scrub forest – confined to coastal areas of the Mediterranean sea. However this zone has developed in both hemispheres b/w 30 – 40 latitudes in western parts of continents. Most rainfall occurs in winters & summers are dry.
Grassland – continental interiors in the temperate zone receive 25 – 75 cm rainfall. Prairies of Canada, US. Pampas of S. America, steppes of Europe & Asia , Veldts of Africa.
Taiga – called boreal forest or temperate coniferous. Winters are bitterly cold and summers are cool and brief. Found only in northern hemisphere. Pine, fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce.
Tundra – is a finnish word means barren land. Which encircles the artic circle. Consist of snow, ice and frozen soil for most part of year. Consists of lichens, mosses, sedges, heaths, grasses, willow trees.
Baltic state :- Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Balkan state :- Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Albania, Greece.
Scandinavia peninsula :- Iceland, Norway, Sweden & Denmark.
Multi purpose projects in India
1.Bhakra Nangal - on river Sutlej ; power house at Gangwal & Kotla ; highest straightway gravity dam : reservoir is govindsagar lake
Indira Gandhi Canal – water from Sutlej, Beas, Ravi
3. Hirakud – on river Mahanadi ; sambalpur canal, baragarh canal, sasan canal ; power house at Chiplima.
4. Chambal – gandhisagar dam, rana pratap sagar dam, jawahar sagar dam
5. Damodar valley project – 4 dams – Talaiya, Conar, Maithan, Panchet.
6. Farrakha barrage – on river Hooghly
7. Dulhasti project – on river Chenab
Agriculture (Rainfall for certain crops)
Temp / Rainfall (in cm) / Soil / AreaJute / 27 to 34 / more than 150 / sandy, clay loam, alluvial / WB, Bihar, Odisha
Cotton / 21 to 27 / 50 to 75 / Black, light limestone / Gujarat, MH, PB
Wheat / 15 to 23 / Less than 50 / Light clay, heavy loam / UP, PB, HR
Bajra / 25 to 35 / Low rainfall / Sandy loam / RJ, MH, UP HR
Tea / 15 to 35 / 150 / Mountain / Assam, WB, TN
Coffee / 14 to 28 / 150 to 200 / Volcanic, rich loam, red soil, lateritic / Kerala, KR, TN
Tobacco / 18 to 25 / 50 / Black, loamy, alluvial / AP, UP, Gujarata
Maize / 18 to 27 / 75 / Heavy clay, sandy / AP, KR, RJ
Rice / 15 to 27 / 112 to 150 / Alluvial, heavy clayey / WB, UP AP
Barley / 15 to 25 / 75 to 100 / Sandy / RJ, UP, HR
Sugarcane / 20 to 30 / 150 / Alluvial loam, red loam lateritic / UP, MH, TN
Extinct volcano – Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, Popa in Burma
Dormant volcano – Fujiyama of Japan, Karakota of Indonesia
Active volcano – Mona loa in Hawaii, Etna in Sicily, Vesuvius in Italy.
Intrusive rocks – Sill are bed like ; Laccoliths are like convex upper surface& flat lower one ; Lopolith are bowl like ; Phacoliths are lens shaped form ; Dyke are vertical or horizontal
Fresh < Brackish < Saline < Brine
Soil –
1.Alluvial soil – Sandy loam to clay ; rich in potash, lime but poor in phosphorus, organic contents. Both khaddar & bhangar contain calcareous (kankars) which are used for white washing the houses in rural areas. Suitable for growing cereals & pulses especially.
2. Black soil - Clayey in nature, high water retaining capacity. Swells and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. Composed of (LIMCAP = lime, iron, Mg, CaCO3 , alumina, potash)
3. Laterite soil - has been derived from latin word ‘later’ means brick.has been derived from latin word ‘later’ means brick
In the Northern Hemisphere, due to the rotation of the Earth and surface friction, the air currents surrounding a low pressure system will flow in a counterclockwise direction, toward the center of the low pressure As a result, air flows will gather from the surrounding area and accumulate at the center of the low pressure system, forcing the air in the center to rise, cooling and condensing the water vapor in the uplifted air, forming clouds and eventually rain. Therefore, regions under a low pressure system usually experience bad weather. Air flows surrounding a high pressure system, on the other hand, flow in clockwise direction; the air flows out of the center (Fig. 6) forcing the air over the center to flow down and outward. In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind in a high pressure system flows in clockwise direction out of the center, while in low pressure system wind flows in a counterclockwise direction towards the center.
High clouds – indicates fair weather.
Cumulus clouds – vertical extent to 7000 m. when these clouds are sunlit, they are called wool clouds. Mainly occur in summer & are produced by convection.
Rainfall occurs when dew point of air is above freezing point. When raindrops freeze before reaching ground it is called sleet. When condensation takes place at a temperature below freezing point, ice are formed directly from the water vapour.
Trade winds blow from high pressure sub tropical belt(30°N and S) to low pressure equitorial belt(0°) . Because of earth’s rotation trade winds deflect towards its right in Northern hemis. And towards its left in southern hemis. Therefore you can see that it enters the continent from eastern side therefore western part receives moisture less winds. ]
Presence of cold currents on the western side of the continents cause dessicating effect.
[Dessicating effect causes air to get cooled and we know that cold air— A. Carry less moisture. B. Doesn't rise(hence no condensation and subsequently no cloud formations)
There are four major reasons responsible for why the major hot deserts of the world are located between 20°-30° N on the west of the continents:-
Offshore trade winds in the region and location in rain shadow zone:- Trade winds that blow in the region, shed their moisture on the eastern part and by the time they reach the western margin, they become dry.
Anticyclonic conditions:- Areas between 20–30 degree latitudes on western margins of continents are the regions of descending air. It means the air gets compressed and warm as it descends and thus the moisture holding capacity keeps decreasing.
Leeward sides of mountains/parallel mountain ranges:- In the case of few deserts, mountains are situated as a barrier which prevents orographic rainfall. For example:- presence of Rockies on the western coast of North America does not let moisture bearing winds do rainfall in leeward sides. In the case of Thar desert in India, Aravallis are situated parallel to the region. Therefore the moisture holding winds pass away from the region because there is absence of mountain barriers.
Presence of cold ocean currents along the western coast of continents tend to stabilise the air over the coast. This prevents cloud formation and rainfall.
India’s offshore boundary
Offshore means shallow water (sky blue, blue, dark blue color of ocean in maps denotes the deepness). Pertroleum & natural gas production is done from offshore these are formed in sedimentary rocks.
Natural gas < petrol < diesel< kerosene< wax<petroleum jelly< charcoal.
Max. petrol producing state is Gujarata. Max. petrol producing place is Mumbai high. India can explore till 200 N miles (exclusive economic zone)
Iron ore – India is 4th largest after china,Australia, brazil. Magnetite is the best quality iron ore but India has very less deposits of it. That too in south Indian states. It is found in kundermukh, Goa, Salem, Kozhikode (70%deposit in KA) . 80% of iron ore in India is of Haemetite found in OR, JH, CH. Limonite & siderite are cheapest quality of iron ore.
Max. deposit of iron ore – KA, OR, JH
Max. production of iron ore – OR, KA, JH
India’s largest iron ore region is in Baramjada group of JH (Singhbhum), OR (keonjhar) Dharwar or cudapah group of igneous consists of iron ore. India exports iron ore to Japan, China
Manganese – 5th largest producer ; max used in iron & steel industries.
Max deposit + production = Orissa
Cu – (Cu + Sn= Bronze ; Cu + Zn = Brass )
Max deposit + production = MP, RJ
Pb & Zn (fused mineral) - max deposit + production = RJ (Pb 50%, Zn 92%)
Pb is used in iron steel industry ; Zn as rusting prevention so it is used in railway tracks. These are extracted by Hindustan Zinc ltd.
Note – Ag is found mixed with Pb & Zn ; max production = RJ
All these 3 metals are imported due to huge consumption and less production.
Bauxite – max deposit + production = Orissa ; it is not found in Dharwar system
Au – In Quartzite rocks of dharwar group. (KA = 99%)
Mica – non metallic mineral, collection of silicates, good insulator, electronic industry, toothpaste, consmetics (glittery). Found in AP (Nellore), RJ (Udaipur), OR (Koderma, Hazaribagh have high quality ruby mica), MH,BR. India is largest exporter ,producer to Japan , US, UK.
Limestone – found with some amount of silica, alumina, iron oxide. It is of sedimentary origin. Used in cement, iron & steel ( as flux), paper fertilizers etc. found in Vindhyan range (RJ, AP, GJ, CH, TN also).
Coal – 77% thermal power station. 67% commercial power consumption comes from coal. 98% gondwana rocks (big trunk trees fell in earth in gondwana time period)
Dolomite – (limestone + magnesium) – used as blast furnace, glass, fertilizers. OR, CH, JH, RJ
Asbestos – its fibrous structure, filaments of high tensile strength, resistant to fire, building purpose. RJ, AP.
Magnesite – UK, TN, RJ
Kayanite – metamorphic aluminous rock, used in sparking plugs due to its ability to stand high temperatures.
Note – metallic minerals found in igneous ; while non metallic minerals found in sedimentary.
PORTS
Kolkata port – riverine port.
Paradeep port –exports iron ore to japan
Vishakhapatnam port – deepest, natural port. It serves Bhilai & Rourkela steel plants.
Chennai port – oldest artificial
Ennore – most modern in private hands ie corporate port
Mumbai – busiest & biggest port.
Jawaharlal Nehru (Nava Sheva) – fastest growing
Marmugao – naval base also
Cochin – natural harbor, solar
Tuticorin – southernmost
Mangalore – exports kudremukh iron ore
Ist railway line b/w Bombay to Thane. 2nd b/w Howrah to Hooghly in 1854. Electric train ‘Deccan Queen’ in 1929 b/w Bombay to Poona. Longest train Vivek express – Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari (4273 km). 2nd longest Himasagar – Vaishno devi to kanyakumari (3726 km)
Water of Indus, Jhelum, Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under Indus water treaty. While water of Ravi, Beas, Sutlej to India.
Bagliar dam is on river Chenab. Worlds highest railway bridge is been constructing on Chenab river. Chenab river merges with Sutlej to form Panjand river which joins Indus at Mithankot.
Kishenganga river is the largest tributary of Jhelum. It is called Neelam river due to stones of ruby found in it. (trot fish also found)
Indravati river originates from kalahandi (OR) chitrakoot falls is on this river. It flows through bastar district.
Sabari river originates from Eastern ghats, flows through CG, OR, AP. Upper kolab project is located in Odhisha.
Alaknanda is joined by Dhauliganga at vishnuprayag, nandakini at nandprayag, pindar at karnprayag, mandakini at rudraprayag, bhaghirathi at devprayag.
Gomti originates at gomat taal in Pilibhit (UP) it meets Ganga in Ghazipur.
Ghaghra is trans boundary perennial river originating outside India near mansarovar lake. It is joined by Sharda at Brahmghat in India. Later ghagra joins ganga at Chhapra.
Sharda originates at Pithoragarh, named mahakali in Nepal
Gandak is formed by union of Kalim trisuli which rise in Nepal. It lies in rain shadow area of greater Himalayas.
Weathering – disintegration & decomposition or ricks. By mechainical like frost action, thermal expansion, exfoliation. By chemical like oxidation, hydration, carbonation.
Temperature inversion – needs longer nights, clear skies, calm, stable air.
During night land surface cools down at faster rate due to which a cold air mass develops near surface. Hence light do not rise up & condenses in form of fog and the pollutant particles suspended in air holds this water vapour creating smog.