The Lesson – A History of Chile WHAP/Napp

Objective: To identify and explain three significant turning points in Chile’s history

Do Now:Identify and explain one significant turning point in South America’s history that impacted every South American in the space below

Direct Instruction: The notes have been provided in the Cornell Notes below but the Key Words, Key Questions, and Summaries need to be completed

Cues: /
  1. Chile’s Geography
  1. Western Coast of South America
  2. Between Andes and Pacific Ocean
  3. Longest, narrowest country
  1. Indigenous Cultures
  1. 10,000 years ago  settled valleys/coast
  2. Diversity of cultures
  3. Slash and burn farming, hunting, fishing
  1. The Incas
  1. Extended empire into central Chile
  2. But northern area’s barrenness prevented settlement
  1. The Conquistadors
  1. 1536  looking for gold
  2. Conquest in 1540  led by Pedro de Valdivia, lieutenant in Pizarro’s army
  1. Spanish rule
  1. Ruled in the interest of Spain (nearly 300 years)
  2. Mercantilism  colony benefited mother country
  1. Napoleon
  1. Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, took Spanish throne
  2. Chileans proclaimed independence from Napoleon’s rule
  3. But then Spain retook the colony
  1. Bernardo O’Higgins
  1. Nationalist leader of Chile
  2. 1818 independence achieved
  3. With assistance from José de San Martín
  1. After Independence
  1. Little change of social hierarchy
  2. Still stratified class system
  3. Influenced by Family Politics
  4. Influenced by Roman Catholic Church
  5. Wealthy landowners dominated
  6. Suppressing Mapuche Indians

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. Parliamentary Democracy
  1. Late 19th century
  2. Degenerated into Oligarchy
  1. Liberals and Conservatives
  1. Liberals wanted reforms
  2. Conservatives wanted to maintain status quo
  1. Eduardo Frei Montalva
  1. Christian Democrat president in 1964
  2. Wanted social and economic reforms
  3. But not enough for liberals and too much for conservatives
  1. Salvador Allende
  1. 1970, Marxist, named President
  2. Nationalization of key industries and land expropriation
  1. Nationalization of copper mines
  1. But opposition to his “Chilean Road to Socialism”
  2. 1973  Chilean society split apart
  1. Military Coup
  1. September 11, 1973
  2. 3,000 killed in military onslaught
  3. Presidential palace bombed with Allende inside
  4. Allende either assassinated or committed suicide
  1. General Augusto Pinochet
  1. Led new military government
  2. 17 year rule
  3. Dissolved Congress and suspended constitution
  4. Night-time curfew, limits on media
  5. Free market
  6. Brutal repression
  7. Thousands died, thousands fled
  1. 1990
  1. Pinochet miscalculated  lost plebiscite
  2. Controlled army though until 1998
  3. Accused of corruption  $28 million in secret bank accounts and trials for human rights abuses
  4. Spent remaining years in Chile fighting charges

Summaries:

Application: Questions from the World History AP examination

  1. What was the Spanish conquistadors’ PRIMARY motivation in gaining new territories in the Americas?
(A)They were mainly concerned with making great profits.
(B)Above all, they wanted to bring Catholicism to the Native Americans.
(C)They planned to use the land to build prisons for Spanish felons.
(D)They hoped to find the “Fountain of Youth.”
(E)None of the above
  1. How did the harshness and ruggedness of the terrain in the Andes Mountains affect the way that societies there evolved?
(A)People were forced to cooperate with each other and work out a division of labor.
(B)Very few buildings were erected.
(C)Culture was very primitive.
(D)There was much fighting over scarce resources.
(E)Individual families tended to remain isolated, retarding the development of sophisticated societies.
  1. What political characteristic did Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina share during the 1920s and 1930s?
(A)All became democracies.
(B)All were governed by authoritarian regimes.
(C)All were monarchies.
(D)All were ruled by Getúlio Vargas
(E)All had experienced communist revolutions. /
  1. Who among the following was a democratically elected leader of a Marxist government in Chile?
(A)Salvador Allende
(B)Che Guevara
(C)Augusto Pinochet
(D)Juan Perón
(E)Fidel Castro
  1. The precious metal most sought by the Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas was
(A)Gold
(B)Copper
(C)Tin
(D)Silver
(E)Nickel
  1. Spain’s principal reason for colonization in the New World was
(A)Economic profit
(B)Conversion of Native Americans to Catholicism
(C)Scientific curiosity
(D)Strategic advantage
(E)The desire of ordinary Spanish to settle elsewhere
  1. At its height, how large was the Incan Empire?
(A)It stretched from Chile to what is today Panama
(B)It stretched from Argentina to Brazil
(C)It stretched from Chile to northern Ecuador
(D)It stretched from Colombia to Peru
(E)It stretched from Mexico to Costa Rica

  • Describe the arpillera movement.
  • Explain the historical events which led to the arpillera movement.
  • Explain the point of view of the arpillera movement.
  • Create a thesis statement based on whether or not Allende’s vision for Chile or Pinochet’s vision for Chile benefitted Chileans the most. Then write an introductory thesis paragraph.