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The Later Middle AgesStudy Guide
- Define bull.
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2. Define excommunicate.
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3. What were the duties and powers of popes during the Middle
Ages?
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4. What is authority?
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5. Why did the authority ensure that all religious officials should
answer to the pope?
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6. What caused a split in the Christian Church in the 1000s?
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7. Why did Pope Leo IXexcommunicated the bishop of
Constantinople in 1054?
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8. How was religion used by the pope to impact the social structures
on the lives of people in Europe that made Christians fearful?
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9. List the order from most to least powerful in society after the compromise of
1122?
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10. What reason were the Crusades fought?
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11. List four reasons Christian Crusaders lost the Holy Land.
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12. What were the results of the Crusades?
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13. Define pilgrim?
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14. Why was King Richard I of England admired?
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15. What is Saladin known for?
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16. The Holy Land of Palestine was a region where Jesus had lived, preached, and
died. What did this lead to during the Later Middle Ages?
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17. Latin for “marked with a cross” is crusade. How was this symbol utilized?
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18. Christianity was central to every part of people’s lives in Europe. Who’s
teaching were influential in culture and politics of Europe?
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19. Who was Saint Thomas Aquinas?
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20. What was Saint Thomas Aquinas main argument?
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21. Why was the Magna Carta important and how did it impact our government?
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22. In what way was England different from France after the Hundred Years’ War?
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23. What was one of the results of the long conflict between England and France
known as the Hundred Years’ War?
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24. Who was Joan of Arc and why was she significant?
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25. How did life change for surviving peasants and serfs after the plague?
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26. What was the religious impact of the plague on Europe?
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27. Whose rule in Spain ended in 1002?
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28. What happened as a result of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella capture of
the last Muslim city of Granada?
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29. What happened to Jews during the Reconquista and Spanish Inquisitions of
the Middle Ages?
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30. Why did Pope Innocent III call for a crusade against heretics in France that
resulted in a bloody war that lasted almost 20 years.
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31. What happened during the Reconquista in Spain and who was responsible for
it?
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Answer Sheet
The Later Middle AgesStudy Guide
- Define bull.
Bull is a letter written by a pope to explain a religious teaching or to outline a church policy.
2. Define excommunicate.
3. What were the duties and powers of popes during the Middle
Ages?
4. What is authority?
Authority isright to rule
5. Why did the authority ensure that all religious officials should
answer to the pope?
The authority of western Europe considered the pope the head of the church and eastern Europe disagreed
6. What caused a split in the Christian Church in the 1000s?
The split in the Christian Church was caused by bishops in eastern Europe refused to recognize the authority of the pope.
7. Why did Pope Leo IX excommunicated the bishop of
Constantinople in 1054?
The bishop of Constantinople wouldn’t recognize the authority of one pope for the whole Christian Church, which created a split in the Church
8. How was religion used by the pope to impact the social structures
on the lives of people in Europe that made Christians fearful?
The pope could cast people out or excommunicated them from the church
9. List the order from most to least powerful in society after the compromise of
1122?
The compromise of 1122 lead to a power structure; popes, kings, bishops, priests
10. What reason were the Crusades fought?
The Crusades were fought to gain control of Palestine, the Holy Land
11. List four reasons Christian Crusaders lost the Holy Land.
●they traveled long distances to the battles.
●Not prepared to fight in desert climate
●Outnumber by well-lead and organized Muslims
●Christian leaders fought among themselves
12. What were the results of the Crusades?
The results of the Crusades are trade and exchange of ideas between Europe and
Asia increased.
13. Define pilgrim?
A pilgrim is a person who journeys to a religious location
14. Why was King Richard I of England admired?
King Richard I was admired for his bravery when all other kings returned to their country. (Lion Heart)
15. What is Saladin known for?
Saladin was known for his kindness and was respected by his friends and enemies alike.
16. The Holy Land of Palestine was a region where Jesus had lived, preached, and
died. What did this lead to during the Later Middle Ages?
Christians and Muslims fought over control of this region in a series of wars called the Crusades.
17. Latin for “marked with a cross” is crusade. How was this symbol utilized?
Fighters sewed crosses on their cloths to show they were fighting for God.
18. Christianity was central to every part of people’s lives in Europe. Who’s
teaching were influential in culture and politics of Europe?
Church officials called clergy was influential in culture and European politics.
19. Who was Saint Thomas Aquinas?
Thomas Aquinas was a Dominican philosopher and teacher at the University of Paris who thought that some things could be proven with reason and faith with natural law of how the world could operate.
20. What was Saint Thomas Aquinas main argument?
Saint Thomas Aquinas main argument was that rational thought could support Christian beliefs.
21. Why was the Magna Carta important and how did it impact our government?
The Magna Carta listed rights that the king had to recognize. Many of its ideas later became the principles of modern democratic governments including the United States.
22. In what way was England different from France after the Hundred Years’ War?
The English king lost power while the French king gained power.
23. What was one of the results of the long conflict between England and France
known as the Hundred Years’ War?
Joan of Arc had rallied the French troops but was captured and killed.
24. Who was Joan of Arc and why was she significant?
Joan of Arc was a teenage peasant girl who rallied the French troops against the English during the Hundred Years’ War. This resulted in the King of England losing power while the King of France gained more power.
25. How did life change for surviving peasants and serfs after the plague?
Serfs began to demand wages for their labor.
26. What was the religious impact of the plague on Europe?
People began to question their religion, since so many people,
including clergy members, were suffering.
27. Whose rule in Spain ended in 1002?
Muslim Moors’
28. What happened as a result of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella capture of
the last Muslim city of Granada?
A policy of no Islam in all of Spain, which led to the Spanish Inquisition.
29. What happened to Jews during the Reconquista and Spanish Inquisitions of
the Middle Ages?
Jews were discriminated against throughout Europe.
30. Why did Pope Innocent III call for a crusade against heretics in France that
resulted in a bloody war that lasted almost 20 years.
People held religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings
called heresy.
31. What happened during the Reconquista in Spain and who was responsible for
it?
Christian kingdoms took back land from the Muslim Moors by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.