The Impact of Ovulation Mode on Sperm Quantity and Quality in Mammals

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

The impact of ovulation mode on sperm quantity and quality in mammals

Carl D. Soulsbury and Graziella Iossa

Appendix A

Data used for PGLM analysis including sperm concentration (106ml-1), ejaculate volume (ml), total motile sperm (106) per ejaculate, % sperm motility, % normal sperm morphologyandovulation mode (SPO: spontaneous; IND: induced). ND = no data.

Appendix B

Results of phylogenetically corrected general linear models comparing (i) sperm concentration (ii) ejaculate volume, (iii) % sperm motility and (iv) % normal sperm with source of sample (captive, captive-born, mixture of captive and wild, wild, wild-born).

Appendix C

Alternative models that are stongly supported ΔAICc<2 showing (i) sperm concentration (ii) ejaculate volume, (iii) % sperm motility and (iv) % normal sperm and associated significant variables.

APPENDIX A

Species / Sperm concentration (106ml-1) / Ejaculate volume (ml) / Total motile sperm (106) per ejaculate / % sperm motility / % normal sperm / Ovulation modea / References
Acinonyx jubatus / 21.9 / 2.10 / 46.0 / 0.69 / 0.18 / INDb / Crosier et al. (2007)
Ailuropoda melanoleuca / 5420.0 / 5.02 / 27208.4 / 0.80 / 0.73 / SPOb / Olson et al. (2003)
Alcelaphus buselaphus / 1373.0 / 4.50 / 2471.4 / 0.4 / 0.42 / SPO / Metrione et al. (2008b)
Alopex lagopus / 317.0 / 0.98 / 310.7 / 0.73 / 0.81 / SPOb / Barta (1999)
Alouatta caraya / 649.5 / 0.09 / 44.3 / 0.757 / 0.787 / SPO / Valle et al. (2004)
Ammotragus lervia / 4012.0 / 2.00 / 7221.6 / 0.9 / 0.96 / ND / Meija et al. (2009)
Ateles fusciceps / 274.2 / 1.25 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Ateles geoffroyi / ND / ND / ND / 0.9 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Axis axis / 338.0 / 4.10 / 921.6 / 0.665 / 0.791 / SPO / Mylrea et al. (1999): Umapathy et al. (2001)
Bison bison / 711.3 / 3.00 / 1468.1 / 0.688 / 0.738 / SPO / Matsuda et al. (1996); Helbig et al. (2007)
Bison bonasus / 5030.0 / 9.50 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Pérez-Garnelo et al. (2001)
Bos grunniens / 1552.0 / 3.58 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Sarkar and Prakash (2005); Sarkar et al. (2009)
Bradypus tridactylus / 91.9 / 0.05 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Mühlbauer et al. (2006); Peres et al. (2008)
Callithrix_jacchus / ND / 0.03 / ND / 0.48 / 0.49 / SPO / Cui et al. (1991)
Camelus bactrianus / 414.0 / 8.20 / 2118.4 / 0.624 / ND / IND / Chen et al. (2005); Mosaferi et al. (2005)
Camelus dromedarius / 556.0 / 6.70 / ND / ND / ND / IND / Hombach-Klonisch et al. (2000): Agarwal et al. (2004)
Canis familiaris / 293.3 / 2.20 / 645.3 / 0.84 / 0.76 / SPOb / Ortega-Pacheco et al. (2006)
Canis latrans / 193.0 / 1.00 / 193.0 / 0.75 / 0.79 / SPOb / Green et al. (1984); Minter and DeLiberto (2008)
Canis lupus / 271.1 / 7.00 / 1897.7 / 0.89 / 0.78 / SPOb / Zindl (2006)
Canis rufus / 146.5 / 4.70 / 688.6 / 0.71 / 0.74 / SPOb / Goodrowe et al. (1998)
Capreolus capreolus / 485.7 / 1.05 / 397.8 / 0.78 / 0.7 / SPOb / Goeritz et al. (2003); Santiago-Moreno et al. (2006)
Capricornis sumatensis / 515.8 / 2.3 / 715.4 / 0.60 / 0.71 / ND / Suwanpugdee et al. (2009)
Cebus apella / 92.9 / 0.65 / 14.5 / 0.24 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Ceratotherium simum / 164.5 / 29.86 / 4057.0 / 0.826 / ND / SPO / Radcliffe et al. (1997); Reid et al. (2009)
Cercocebus galeritus / 575.5 / 1.30 / 448.9 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Cercopithecus aethiops / 117.0 / 0.86 / 55.3 / 0.55 / 0.94 / SPO / Seier et al. (1989)
Cervus elaphus / 440.0 / ND / NA / 0.8 / 0.812 / SPO / Martínez et al. (2008)
Cervus eldii / ND / 1.80 / NA / 0.8 / 0.967 / SPO / Hosack et al. (1999); Harnal et al. (2001)
Chinchilla lanigera / 483.0 / 0.09 / 44.7 / 0.98 / ND / SPO / Spotorno et al. (2004); Busso et al. (2005)
Chrysocyon brachyurus / 29.5 / 2.00 / 59.0 / 0.65 / 0.50 / INDb / Baker et al. (2007)
Connochaetes taurinus / 352.0 / 11.25 / 2376.0 / 0.6 / ND / ND / Watson (1976)
Dama dama / 3009.0 / 3.00 / 7673.0 / 0.85 / ND / SPO / Asher and Smith (1987); Meija et al. (2009)
Dasyprocta leporina / 106.7 / 0.70 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Weir (1974); Mollineau et al. (2008)
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis / 24.6 / 104.00 / 1535.0 / 0.6 / 0.40 / IND / O’Brien and Roth (2000);Roth et al. (2001)
Diceros bicornis / 23.7 / 59.00 / 560.0 / 0.4 / 0.29 / SPO / Radliffe et al. (2001); Roth (2006)
Elephas maximus / 1295.0 / 30.00 / 10501.2 / 0.270 / 0.788 / SPO / Czekala et al. (2003); Thongtip et al. (2008)
Equus asinis / 294.0 / 67.60 / 14309.6 / 0.72 / 0.88 / SPO / Asa (2002); Cortés-Gutiérrez et al. (2008)
Equus burchelli / 74.8 / 34.10 / 765.2 / 0.3 / ND / SPO / Crump and Crump (1994); Asa (2002)
Equus ferus / 100.5 / 19.90 / 1054.0 / 0.527 / 0.234 / SPO / Asa (2002); Collins et al. (2006)
Erythrocebus pathas / 1153.4 / 0.60 / 311.4 / 0.45 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Euphractus sexcinctus / 45.0 / 0.35 / 9.69 / 0.61 / 0.86 / ND / Serafim et al. (In press)
Felis catus / 167.6 / 0.12 / 20.8 / 0.84 / 0.72 / INDb / Howard et al. (1990)
Felis concolor / 15.6 / 2.05 / 32.0 / 0.61 / 0.34 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Felis manul / 123.0 / 0.21 / 25.8 / 0.79 / 0.63 / INDb / Swanson et al. (1996)
Felis margarita / 209.8 / 0.20 / 17.0 / 0.404 / 0.596 / IND / Herrick et al. (In press)
167.6 / 0.12 / 26.5 / 0.844 / 0.716 / IND / Herrick et al. (In press)
Gazella cuvieri / 402.6 / 2.86 / 843.7 / 0.732 / 0.866 / ND / Garde et al. (2008)
Gazella dama / 1068.8 / 1.35 / 1155.2 / 0.8 / ND / ND / Abaigar et al. (2001)
Gazella dorcas / 381.4 / 1.80 / 588.3 / 0.857 / 0.89 / ND / Howard et al. (1983)
Gorilla gorilla / 142.7 / 0.52 / 37.0 / 0.497 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Herpailurus yaguarondi / 7.2 / 0.08 / 0.6 / 0.58 / 0.26 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Homo sapiens / 63.5 / 4.30 / 163.8 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Hylobates lar / 152.4 / 1.30 / 17.8 / 0.09 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Hylobates moloch / ND / ND / NA / 0.05 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens / 625.0 / 7.7 / 4382.0 / 0.92 / ND / ND / Robeck et al. (In press)
Lama guanaco / 5.5 / 2.41 / 3.1 / 0.24 / 0.61 / IND / Tibary and Vaughan (2006): Giuliano et al. (2008)
Lama paco / 72.4 / 1.60 / 91.3 / 0.79 / NA / IND / Bravo et al. (1997); Tibary and Vaughan (2006)
Leopardus pardalis / 53.8 / 0.62 / 33.4 / 0.71 / 0.58 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Leopardus tigrinus / 83.0 / 0.11 / 9.1 / 0.32 / 0.36 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Leopardus wiedii / 14.2 / 0.31 / 4.4 / 0.63 / 0.40 / SPOb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Lepus europaeus / 248.0 / 0.59 / 109.7 / 0.75 / ND / IND / Kozdrowski and Dubiel (2005); Kozdrowski and Siemieniuch (2009)
Litocranius walleri / 1146.8 / 0.90 / 619.3 / 0.6 / 0.4 / SPO / Penfold et al.(2005)
Lontra canadensis / 348.8 / 0.53 / 186.3 / 0.88 / 0.86 / INDb / Bateman et al. (2005)
Loxodonta africana / 2408.6 / 93.30 / 157305.7 / 0.7 / 0.775 / SPO / Howard et al. (1984); Hermes et al. (2000)
Lycaon pictus / 212.3 / 0.60 / 127.4 / 0.70 / 0.76 / SPOb / Johnston et al. (2007)
Lynx lynx / 8.0 / 0.28 / 2.2 / 0.77 / 0.26 / INDb / Jewgenow et al. (2006)
Lynx rufus / 24.4 / 0.36 / 4.9 / 0.56 / 0.15 / INDb / Gañán et al. (2009)
Macaca arctoides / 468.0 / 1.60 / 366.9 / 0.49 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Macaca assamensis / 1150.0 / 3.20 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Yang et al. (1994)
Macaca cyclopsis / 366.0 / ND / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Macaca fascicularis / 402.8 / 1.02 / 267.8 / 0.655 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca fuscata / 348.5 / 2.36 / 666.2 / 0.81 / ND / SPO / Møller 1989)
Macaca mulatta / 613.9 / 1.43 / 635.6 / 0.726 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca nemestrina / 276.9 / 1.27 / 316.5 / 0.9 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca radiata / 434.0 / 1.80 / 468.7 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca thibetana / 4560.0 / 6.30 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Yang et al. (1994)
Marmota monax / 2.8 / 0.15 / 0.3 / 0.61 / ND / IND / Concannon et al. (1996); Sinha Hikim et al. (1992)
Martes pennanti / 2073.0 / 0.03 / 68.4 / 0.78 / ND / INDb / Frost et al. (1997)
Microcebus murinus / NA / NA / NA / 0.484 / ND / SPO / Aslam et al. (2002)
Mus musculus / 160.3 / 0.004 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Allen (1922); Snyder (1966)
Mustela furo / 706.1 / 0.05 / 35.3 / 0.81 / 0.67 / INDb / Howard et al. (1991)
Mustela nigripes / 1030.9 / 0.01 / 13.3 / 0.59 / 0.53 / INDb / Wolf et al. (2000)
Mustela vison / 178.6 / 0.02 / 3.8 / 0.60 / ND / INDb / Aulerich et al. (1972)
Myocastor coypu / 730.0 / 0.91 / 434.5 / 0.654 / 0.919 / IND / Brown (1975); Qingjie et al. (1997)
Nasua nasua / 60.0 / 0.06 / 2.6 / 0.68 / 0.85 / ND / Lima et al. (2009)
Neofelis nebulosa / 27.5 / 0.64 / 17.6 / 0.71 / 0.61 / IND / Wildt et al. (1986); Brown et al. (1995)
Oncifelis colocolo / 364.0 / 0.08 / 29.1 / 0.81 / 0.57 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Oncifelis geoffroyi / 66.5 / 0.21 / 14.0 / 0.64 / 0.17 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Orcinus orca / 98.8 / 13.90 / 12428.5 / 0.905 / 0.884 / SPO / Robeck et al. (2004); Katsumata et al. (2006)
Oryctolagus cuniculus / 238.9 / 0.50 / 87.0 / 0.728 / 0.83 / IND / Staples (1967); Taha et al. (2006)
Oryx dammah / 780.0 / 7.70 / 4654.7 / 0.775 / 0.76 / SPO / Roth et al. (1998); Morrow et al. (1999)
Ovis canadensis / 3031.0 / 1.40 / 3479.6 / 0.82 / 0.89 / ND / Meija et al. (2009)
Ovis musimon / 3009.0 / 1.20 / 3069.2 / 0.85 / 0.95 / SPO / Gómez-Brunet et al. (2008); Meija et al. (2009)
Pan paniscus / 821.0 / 1.80 / 1108.4 / 0.75 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Pan troglodytes / 370.6 / 2.02 / 311.4 / 0.417 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Panthera leo / 12.3 / 6.00 / 73.8 / 0.89 / 0.72 / INDb / Brown et al. (1991a)
Panthera onca / 4.3 / 6.29 / 27.1 / 0.66 / 0.57 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Panthera pardus / 55.8 / 1.57 / 87.6 / 0.57 / 0.72 / IND / Schmidt et al. (1988); Jayaprakash et al. (2001)
Panthera tigris / 38.1 / 5.70 / 217.2 / 0.77 / 0.60 / IND / Seal et al. (1985); Byers et al. (1990)
Panthera uncia / 38.7 / 2.00 / 77.4 / 0.57 / 0.41 / INDb / Johnston et al. (1994)
Papio anubis / 76.7 / ND / ND / 0.563 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Amboka and Mwethera (2003)
Papio cynocephalus / 143.5 / 3.60 / 232.5 / 0.45 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Parahyena brunnea / 270.0 / 2.00 / 540.0 / 0.80 / ND / SPO / Ensley et al. (1982)
Pongo pygmaeus / 67.1 / 1.10 / 34.7 / 0.47 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Presbytis entellus / 170.4 / 2.70 / 358.4 / 0.779 / 0.727 / SPO / Lohiya et al. (1998)
Prionailurus bengalensis / 37.0 / 0.15 / 5.5 / 0.74 / 0.65 / IND / Howard and Wildt (1990)
Prionailurus viverrinus / 108.0 / 0.50 / 54.0 / 0.73 / 0.34 / INDb / Thiangtum et al. (2006)
Pteropus alecto / 397.0 / 0.09 / 28.0 / 0.75 / ND / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); Melville et al. (2008)
Pteropus poliocephalus / 477.0 / 0.04 / 12.3 / 0.594 / 0.59 / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); de Jong et al. (2005)
Pteropus scapulatus / 291.0 / 0.03 / 4.2 / 0.556 / 0.555 / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); de Jong et al. (2005)
Rhinoceros unicornis / 27.2 / 81.00 / 1144.0 / 0.52 / 0.34 / SPO / Stoops et al. (2004); Roth (2006)
Rupicapra pyrenaica / 1.6 / 0.60 / 0.7 / 0.696 / 0.968 / ND / Carluccio et al. (2007)
Saguinus mystax / 195.5 / ND / ND / 0.42 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Saguinus nigricollis / 833.3 / 0.03 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Spilogale gracilis / 63.0 / 0.13 / 8.1 / 0.56 / 0.70 / SPOb / Kaplan and Mead (1993)
Spilogale putorius / 112.7 / 0.02 / 2.2 / 0.71 / 0.35 / SPOb / Kaplan and Mead (1994)
Sus scrofa / 300.0 / 180.00 / 43200.0 / 0.8 / ND / SPO / Kozdrowski and Andrzej Dubiel (2004)
Syncerus caffer / 461.5 / 22.20 / 8370.0 / 0.817 / 0.913 / SPO / Brown et al. (1991b)
Tayassu tajacu / 371.0 / 1.10 / ND / ND / 0.553 / SPO / Hellgren et al. (1989); Santos et al. (2006)
Theropithecus gelada / 502.9 / 1.00 / 105.6 / 0.21 / ND / SPO / Møller 1989; Kraemer and Kuehl 1980
Thryonomys swinderianus / 0.9 / 95.0 / 53.9 / 0.63 / ND / IND / Addo et al. (2002); Soro et al. (2009)
Tolypeutes matacus / 23.0 / 0.14 / 0.8 / 0.245 / 0.869 / ND / Herrick et al. (2002)
Tragelaphus strepsiceros / 375.2 / 4.40 / ND / 0.59 / 0.57 / ND / Schiewe et al. (1991)
Tragulus javanicus / 366.9 / 0.02 / 3.5 / 0.4 / 0.712 / ND / Haron et al. (2000)
Tupaia glis / 103.2 / 0.10 / ND / ND / ND / IND / Conawayand Sorenson(1966); Kraemer and Kuehl (1980)
Tursiop aduncus / 506.0 / 31.2 / 13671.7 / 0.87 / ND / SPO / Brook (2001); Yuen et al. (In press)
Tursiops truncatus / 964.0 / 11.50 / 9800.0 / 0.884 / 0.992 / SPO / Kirkby and Ridgway (1984); Robeck et al. (2005)
Ursus arctos / 471.6 / 2.70 / 1273.3 / 0.80 / 0.78 / INDb / Pérez-Garnelo et al. (2005)
Ursus thibetanus / 1049.0 / 0.61 / 639.9 / 0.64 / 0.63 / IND / Kojima et al. (2001); Boone et al. (2007)
Vulpes vulpes / 63.6 / 1.60 / 101.8 / 0.65 / 0.77 / SPOb / Brzozowski (1984)

a all primates are classified as spontaneous ovulators (Bercovitch & Zeigler 2002), b Iossa et al. (2008)

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