The Federalists in Power and the Emergence of a Two-Party System

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions in short form.

  1. Who did the American people elect as the first president of the United States?
  2. What position did Thomas Jefferson hold during Washington’s presidency?
  3. What position did Alexander Hamilton hold during Washington’s presidency?
  4. On what types of issues did Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton disagree?
  5. What did Thomas Jefferson organize as a result of the differences he had with Alexander Hamilton?
  6. What is a political party?
  7. What were the first two political parties?
  8. What was another name for the Democratic-Republican Party?
  9. Which party controlled the presidency until the 1800 election?
  10. What important appointment did President Adams make between Jefferson’s victory in the 1800 presidential election and his inauguration as president in 1801?
  11. What was John Marshall’s background?
  12. Why were John Marshall’s decisions as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court so important?
  13. From whom did President Washington regularly ask advice?
  14. Define the term cabinet.
  15. Who soon emerged as the leaders of Washington’s cabinet?
  16. What position did Thomas Jefferson hold in Washington’s administration?
  17. What does the Secretary of State do?
  18. What position did Alexander Hamilton hold in Washington’s administration?
  19. What does the Secretary of the Treasury do?
  20. What institution did Hamilton want to see created with the support of President Washington?
  21. What were three provisions (parts) of Hamilton’s bank proposal?
  22. What three benefits did Hamilton believe a national bank would bring the nation?
  23. What question emerged in Washington’s cabinet regarding creation of the Bank of the United States?
  24. What was Thomas Jefferson’s position on creation of a national bank?
  25. Explain Jefferson’s argument against creation of a national bank?
  26. Did Thomas Jefferson believe in strict construction of the Constitution?
  27. Define the philosophy of strict construction.
  28. Did Alexander Hamilton agree with Jefferson on the constitutional issue of creating a national bank?
  29. Explain Hamilton’s argument in support of creation of the Bank of the United States.
  30. Did Alexander Hamilton believe in loose construction of the Constitution?
  31. Define the philosophy of loose construction.
  32. What are the key words of the elastic clause?
  33. How did the elastic clause get its name?
  34. According to Hamilton, what specified powers would the Bank of the United States help Congress carry out?
  35. With whom did President Washington side on the issue of the national bank?
  36. Did Congress pass a law establishing the First Bank of the United States?
  37. How did the basic philosophical difference between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson regarding federal power affect Jefferson?
  38. Who led the Democratic-Republican Party?
  39. List five beliefs of the Democratic-Republican Party?
  40. Who supported the Democratic-Republican Party?
  41. In what region of the nation was the Democratic-Republican Party strongest?
  42. Who led the Federalist Party?
  43. List five beliefs of the Federalist Party.
  44. Who supported the Federalist Party?
  45. In what region of the nation was the Federalist Party strongest?
  46. Did the Federalist Party support the Jay Treaty?
  47. What were the two goals of the Jay Treaty?
  48. What was the most important provision or part of the Jay Treaty?
  49. Who won election as president at the end of Washington’s second term?
  50. What situation existed in Europe when Adams became president?
  51. What was France’s policy towards the United States during Adams’ presidency?
  52. What action did Hamilton and other Federalist leaders want President Adams to take against France?
  53. What policy did President Adams follow in regard to France?
  54. What were three results of Adams’ policy towards France?
  55. What major appointment did President Adams make shortly before he left office?
  56. For how long did John Marshall preside over the Supreme Court?
  57. How did the Supreme Court decisions under Marshall’s leadership strengthen the federal courts?
  58. How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
  59. What precedent didMarbury v. Madisonset for the federal courts?
  60. What is a precedent?
  61. Define judicial review.
  62. What example did the Marbury v. Madison decision set for future Supreme Court rulings?
  63. Why is the right of judicial review so important to the Supreme Court?
  64. How did the Marshall Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland strengthen the federal government’s power over the states?
  65. What were the facts of the case in McCulloch v. Maryland?
  66. What two legal questions did the McCulloch case present?
  67. What two points did the Supreme Court make in its unanimous decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?
  68. What did Chief Justice Marshall say about implied powers in the McCulloch Decision?
  69. What laws did Chief Justice Marshall declare to be supreme in the McCulloch Decision?
  70. How did the Marshall Court rule on the Maryland state law that levied (placed) taxes on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States?
  71. Who believed it was very important for the federal government to be more powerful than the state governments?
  72. Who wrote, “The power to tax is the power to destroy”?
  73. By declaring a state law unconstitutional, what power held by the federal courts did the McCulloch Decisionstrengthen?
  74. What view did John Marshall set forth in the Supreme Court’s 1824 decision in Gibbons v. Ogden?
  75. What did the case of Gibbons v. Ogden involve?
  76. How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?
  77. What is interstate commerce?
  78. What Chief Justice contributed greatly to the Supreme Court’s importance in relation to the other branches of the national government?
  79. What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between different branches of the national government?
  80. What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between the federal government and the states?
  81. In what case did the Marshall Court provide the foundation block for the Supreme Court to settle disagreements between competing business interests?

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