The Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
LEARN Section 4.3
Use the following questions to generate a summary note of the key points of chapter 4.3 of your textbook. You do not need to answer them stepwise, but rather use them to guide the content of your summary note. You are encouraged to write in point form and use subheadings. Your note should be detailed enough that any student could easily answer each question if they used your note alone.
1)In your own words, explain what is meant by the term “efficiency”. You may want to mention what it means to be inefficient too. Clever wording will allow you to say it all in one definition.
2)What is the maximum number of ATP produced per NADH and per FADH2 made during cellular respiration? Give at leastthree clear reasons why this is not a precise value. You should use incorporate information from page 183 AND the first paragraph of page 184 into your answer.
3)How does NADH produced during glycolysis present a problem for the overall efficiency of cellular respiration?
4)Explain the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol-phosphate shuttle in a diagram. You may choose to model your diagram after the proposed outline below. You may want to note (but this is extra info only) that the glycerol-phosphate shuttle is mostly present in brown fat and this inefficiency is used as an additional release of heat energy.
What molecule is produced?How many ATP
5)Either from memory, or modeled after figure 1 on page 184, create a summary table (not a pretty diagram) that summarizes the key tallies for each major part of cellular respiration. You may follow the suggested table format on the next page, or make your own comprehensive summary table. Use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle model for your tallies to approximate some of the inefficiencies of cellular respiration in all cells. Your tallies should reflect the number of molecules produced PER GLUCOSE!
Net produced directly (substrate level phosphorylation) / NADH Produced / FADH2Produced / ATP
generated through oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 4
Transition Reaction (pyruvate oxidation) / 2 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 6
Kreb’s Cycle
(citric acid cycle) / 4 / 2 / 6 / 2 / 22
TOTALS / 6 / 4 / 10 / 2 / 32
Grand Total ATP produced / 36
6)Show the full mathematical calculation for the efficiency of cellular respiration. Assume that 36, not 38 ATP are produced.
7)What percentage of the energy in glucose is released as heat during cellular respiration?(assume 36 ATP)
8)Include the following summary table in your notes:
Cellular Respiration / 41%
Automobile (internal combustion engine) / 25%
Compact fluorescent light bulb / 9%
9)Why and how does creatine (a derivative of amino acids) help supply skeletal muscles with additional ATP when your muscles are being used? A word equation might be useful in your notes to illustrate the point
10)Define and compare the terms metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate (BMR). What percentage of your dialy caloric intake is used to maintain your BMR? How does fat tissue affect your BMR?
11) Why is ATP an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase? What happens to glucose if there is excess ATP?
12)Describe how fats (triglycerides) are used as an energy source. Be sure to use and explain the term beta oxidation. Why is this a more favourable way for animals to store energy than using polysaccharides or large stores of mono or disaccharides?
13)What characteristic of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) to enter at several different places in cellular respiration?
14)Copy table 1 into your notes