The Effect of Coccidians on Condition and Immune Profile of Moulting House Sparrows (Passer
Supporting information for: Pap et al. Physiological pace of life: the link between constitutive immunity, developmental period, and metabolic rate in European birds
Appendix S1. Summary information on differential and total leukocytes (no. leukocytes × 10–4 erythrocytes), sample size for leukocytes, natural antibodies (agglutination score), complement (lysis score) and sample size for the agglutination and lysis. The values are mean ± SE.
Species / Heterophils / Eosinophils / Basophils / Monocytes / Lymphocytes / WBCs / Nleukocyte / Agglutination / Lysis / Nhaemolysis–haemagglutination assayAcrocephalus arundinaceus / 4.5 (0.58) / 0.3 (0.23) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.0 (0.02) / 3.8 (0.93) / 8.8 (1.02) / 10 / 1.4 (0.70) / 0.6 (0.31) / 8
Acrocephalus palustris / 3.1 (1.57) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 5.4 (4.55) / 8.5 (6.08) / 6
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus / 2.7 (0.51) / 0.2 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.03) / 3.3 (1.18) / 6.2 (1.18) / 16 / 1.3 (0.80) / 0.7 (0.60) / 10
Acrocephalus scirpaceus / 4.6 (0.79) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.00) / 6.3 (1.34) / 11.1 (1.80) / 13 / 3.4 (1.06) / 2.3 (0.94) / 11
Aegithalos caudatus / 2.3 (0.85) / 0.1 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.2 (0.09) / 3.2 (1.37) / 5.7 (1.80) / 6 / 1.3 (1.25) / 0.0 (0.00) / 4
Alauda arvensis / 13.4 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.6 (-) / 14.0 (-) / 1 / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 1
Alcedo atthis / 9.5 (4.08) / 0.3 (0.32) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.03) / 4.7 (1.16) / 14.5 (4.47) / 5 / 2.3 (1.33) / 1.3 (0.88) / 3
Anthus campestris / 2.3 (0.26) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.7 (0.54) / 2.9 (0.51) / 3 / 2.0 (2.00) / 0.5 (0.50) / 2
Anthus spinoletta / 1.2 (0.63) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.00) / 1.3 (0.63) / 2
Anthus trivialis / 1.2 (0.45) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.03) / 1.2 (0.43) / 2.5 (0.84) / 6 / 1.8 (0.63) / 0.5 (0.29) / 4
Asio otus / 52.1 (13.19) / 0.0 (0.00) / 3.4 (3.37) / 0.2 (0.10) / 28.4 (5.93) / 84.1 (20.64) / 7 / 5.3 (0.88) / 3.3 (0.88) / 3
Bombycilla garrulus / 2.3 (0.38) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.00) / 1.8 (0.65) / 4.1 (0.84) / 6 / 1.2 (0.83) / 0.5 (0.34) / 6
Botaurus stellaris / 33.8 (4.45) / 0.6 (0.60) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 1.0 (0.21) / 35.3 (3.64) / 2 / 5.0 (-) / 1.0 (-) / 1
Buteo buteo / 34.7 (13.79) / 1.2 (1.19) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.24) / 13.7 (11.31) / 49.9 (23.67) / 2 / 5.5 (1.50) / 3.5 (0.50) / 2
Carduelis cannabina / 4.3 (1.40) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2.7 (1.19) / 7.0 (2.59) / 3 / 1.0 (1.00) / 1.0 (1.00) / 2
Carduelis carduelis / 3.0 (0.84) / 0.2 (0.09) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.8 (0.65) / 5.0 (1.13) / 10 / 1.1 (0.65) / 0.5 (0.42) / 12
Carpodacus erythrinus / 1.1 (1.05) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.11) / 1.3 (1.17) / 2 / 0.3 (0.33) / 0.3 (0.33) / 3
Cecropis daurica / 2.7 (0.78) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.03) / 3.9 (1.54) / 6.7 (2.24) / 7 / 0.7 (0.33) / 0.7 (0.33) / 3
Cinclus cinclus / 4.2 (1.35) / 0.5 (0.38) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.0 (0.46) / 5.7 (2.07) / 8 / 3.0 (0.65) / 1.4 (0.38) / 8
Coccothraustes coccothraustes / 7.9 (2.05) / 0.4 (0.26) / 0.1 (0.12) / 0.1 (0.08) / 4.1 (1.01) / 12.6 (1.63) / 9 / 2.1 (0.63) / 0.9 (0.51) / 9
Columba livia / 9.9 (1.77) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.1 (0.08) / 2.9 (1.30) / 13.0 (2.92) / 6 / 2.2 (0.98) / 0.7 (0.49) / 6
Coracias garrulus / 7.6 (1.29) / 0.8 (0.77) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.2 (0.20) / 6.2 (3.11) / 14.9 (3.14) / 4 / 4.3 (0.33) / 4.0 (0.58) / 3
Corvus corone / 3.4 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 6.0 (-) / 9.3 (-) / 1 / 7.0 (-) / 5.0 (-) / 1
Crex crex / 16.2 (9.29) / 0.8 (0.49) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.1 (0.06) / 9.1 (3.71) / 26.3 (13.35) / 8 / 5.0 (0.77) / 2.5 (0.34) / 6
Cuculus canorus / 6.1 (0.75) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.03) / 1.2 (0.65) / 7.4 (1.38) / 6 / 1.4 (0.58) / 0.3 (0.17) / 6
Cyanistes caeruleus / 3.3 (1.09) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.3 (0.54) / 4.6 (1.59) / 7 / 0.9 (0.46) / 0.4 (0.43) / 7
Delichon urbicum / 5.9 (1.79) / 0.1 (0.09) / 0.1 (0.07) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.6 (0.10) / 6.7 (1.90) / 6 / 2.3 (1.50) / 1.3 (0.99) / 6
Dendrocopos major / 7.2 (2.19) / 0.2 (0.10) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.4 (0.16) / 5.2 (2.49) / 13.0 (3.66) / 9 / 2.6 (0.93) / 0.6 (0.29) / 9
Dryocopus martius / 2.2 (1.70) / 0.0 (0.05) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.8 (0.49) / 3.0 (2.24) / 2 / 5.0 (-) / 1.0 (-) / 1
Emberiza calandra / 10.9 (3.45) / 0.3 (0.28) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.6 (0.49) / 11.8 (3.59) / 3 / 2.0 (1.15) / 0.7 (0.67) / 3
Emberiza cia / 3.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.2 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.5 (-) / 3.7 (-) / 1 / 4.0 (-) / 2.0 (-) / 1
Emberiza citronella / 3.8 (0.81) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.8 (0.57) / 5.6 (0.88) / 11 / 1.9 (0.69) / 1.0 (0.43) / 11
Emberiza hortulana / 4.8 (1.29) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.07) / 8.9 (2.80) / 13.9 (3.98) / 5 / 1.6 (0.81) / 0.6 (0.60) / 5
Emberiza schoeniclus / 11.5 (5.70) / 0.3 (0.20) / 0.1 (0.15) / 0.1 (0.04) / 2.8 (0.95) / 14.8 (6.51) / 6 / 5.7 (2.85) / 4.3 (2.33) / 3
Erithacus rubecula / 9.3 (2.59) / 0.2 (0.15) / 0.3 (0.23) / 0.0 (0.04) / 10.9 (4.66) / 20.8 (7.30) / 11 / 1.3 (0.62) / 0.3 (0.19) / 11
Falco tinnunculus / 31.9 (9.15) / 0.3 (0.19) / 1.3 (1.29) / 0.3 (0.29) / 30.4 (11.61) / 64.1 (19.65) / 8 / 4.4 (0.50) / 3.0 (0.60) / 8
Falco vespertinus / 12.1 (2.64) / 0.4 (0.24) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.10) / 5.0 (2.00) / 17.7 (4.19) / 5 / 6.8 (0.85) / 5.0 (0.58) / 4
Ficedula albicollis / 0.7 (0.17) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.8 (0.23) / 1.5 (0.20) / 6 / 3.1 (0.73) / 1.6 (0.62) / 11
Ficedula hypoleuca / 1.3 (0.57) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.00) / 1.9 (0.87) / 3.3 (0.99) / 7 / 0.2 (0.20) / 0.2 (0.20) / 5
Ficedula parva / 1.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 1.0 (-) / 1
Fringilla coelebs / 2.8 (0.66) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.1 (0.08) / 1.2 (0.42) / 4.2 (0.86) / 12 / 2.6 (0.92) / 1.5 (0.75) / 12
Galerida cristata / 13.7 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.1 (-) / 1.7 (-) / 15.5 (-) / 1 / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 1
Gallinula chloropus / 23.4 (-) / 0.5 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.5 (-) / 24.4 (-) / 1 / 2.0 (-) / 1.0 (-) / 1
Garrulus glandarius / 14.1 (4.92) / 0.1 (0.10) / 0.1 (0.10) / 0.3 (0.31) / 13.4 (7.37) / 27.9 (11.93) / 4 / 3.8 (1.03) / 1.8 (0.75) / 4
Hippolais icterina / 2.1 (0.39) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.03) / 1.8 (0.18) / 4.0 (0.33) / 3
Hirundo rustica / 4.2 (0.98) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.1 (0.31) / 5.2 (1.11) / 7 / 0.6 (0.43) / 0.1 (0.14) / 7
Ixobrychus minutus / 13.2 (1.01) / 1.6 (0.92) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 33.8 (10.85) / 48.6 (12.33) / 3 / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 3
Jynx torquilla / 4.9 (1.35) / 0.2 (0.17) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.03) / 2.8 (0.92) / 7.9 (2.06) / 6 / 1.3 (0.48) / 0.0 (0.00) / 4
Lanius collurio / 4.8 (1.02) / 0.2 (0.13) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.02) / 2.1 (0.73) / 7.2 (1.39) / 14 / 2.2 (0.81) / 0.8 (0.38) / 11
Lanius excubitor / 3.3 (1.04) / 0.1 (0.12) / 0.2 (0.15) / 0.1 (0.03) / 2.3 (2.07) / 6.0 (0.79) / 2 / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2
Lanius minor / 3.8 (2.13) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.18) / 10.9 (5.29) / 15.0 (7.51) / 3 / 5.0 (2.00) / 3.0 (0.00) / 2
Locustella luscinioides / 5.7 (1.49) / 0.1 (0.07) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.05) / 1.9 (0.53) / 7.8 (1.77) / 10 / 2.6 (1.02) / 0.6 (0.37) / 7
Luscinia luscinia / 7.1 (0.34) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.08) / 3.9 (1.68) / 11.2 (1.78) / 4 / 7.0 (-) / 3.0 (-) / 1
Luscinia megarhynchos / 6.1 (1.58) / 0.6 (0.25) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.1 (0.04) / 4.2 (1.26) / 11.1 (2.18) / 12 / 1.6 (0.34) / 0.7 (0.26) / 10
Merops apiaster / 7.4 (1.36) / 0.7 (0.34) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.5 (0.23) / 9.1 (2.30) / 17.8 (3.68) / 12 / 4.9 (0.72) / 1.8 (0.51) / 12
Motacilla alba / 7.1 (1.68) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.3 (0.16) / 6.0 (1.16) / 13.4 (2.33) / 6 / 3.3 (1.80) / 1.8 (1.44) / 4
Motacilla cinerea / 3.6 (0.97) / 0.5 (0.24) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.02) / 2.3 (0.92) / 6.4 (1.65) / 11 / 3.8 (0.52) / 2.5 (0.47) / 11
Motacilla flava / 1.4 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 1.7 (-) / 3.1 (-) / 1
Muscicapa striata / 2.2 (0.74) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.03) / 1.0 (0.32) / 3.2 (0.96) / 5 / 0.7 (0.67) / 0.7 (0.67) / 3
Oenanthe oenanthe / 3.8 (1.85) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.7 (0.49) / 4.5 (2.04) / 3 / 1.7 (1.67) / 1.3 (1.33) / 3
Oenanthe pleschanka / 2.4 (0.78) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.1 (0.08) / 4.1 (2.14) / 6.7 (2.36) / 5 / 3.0 (3.00) / 2.3 (2.33) / 3
Oriolus oriolus / 2.5 (0.72) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.1 (0.03) / 1.1 (0.23) / 3.6 (0.53) / 4 / 3.3 (1.18) / 1.5 (0.65) / 4
Otus scops / 26.9 (6.84) / 4.5 (3.16) / 0.8 (0.62) / 0.8 (0.59) / 17.2 (2.30) / 50.3 (10.07) / 8 / 7.3 (0.75) / 6.0 (0.76) / 7
Panurus biarmicus / 5.8 (1.43) / 0.4 (0.16) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2.0 (0.59) / 8.3 (2.02) / 12 / 2.0 (0.93) / 0.3 (0.27) / 11
Parus major / 3.3 (0.60) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.1 (0.04) / 3.4 (0.91) / 6.9 (1.26) / 9 / 0.7 (0.40) / 0.4 (0.24) / 15
Passer domesticus / 4.3 (1.01) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.04) / 7.2 (4.79) / 11.6 (5.07) / 12 / 2.5 (0.85) / 1.2 (0.61) / 13
Passer hispaniolensis / 8.9 (4.76) / 0.3 (0.12) / 0.1 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.03) / 2.3 (0.94) / 11.7 (4.86) / 11 / 0.8 (0.44) / 0.3 (0.14) / 11
Passer montanus / 4.3 (1.70) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 2.2 (0.55) / 6.4 (2.12) / 14 / 2.1 (0.73) / 0.7 (0.49) / 11
Pastor roseus / 6.9 (1.15) / 0.2 (0.19) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.02) / 3.4 (1.03) / 10.6 (1.55) / 10 / 2.3 (0.70) / 0.9 (0.37) / 11
Periparus ater / 2.2 (0.71) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.0 (0.01) / 2.2 (0.73) / 4.5 (1.01) / 11 / 0.4 (0.26) / 0.1 (0.13) / 8
Phasianus colchicus / 2.2 (0.93) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 1.6 (0.91) / 3.8 (1.59) / 4 / 7.3 (0.48) / 3.5 (0.29) / 4
Phoenicurus ochruros / 8.9 (5.49) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 5.4 (2.87) / 14.3 (8.20) / 5 / 2.0 (2.00) / 1.5 (1.50) / 2
Phylloscopus collybita / 0.7 (0.17) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.3 (0.43) / 2.0 (0.49) / 17 / 2.5 (0.81) / 1.5 (0.77) / 11
Phylloscopus sibilatrix / 1.1 (0.32) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.1 (0.03) / 0.5 (0.27) / 1.7 (0.48) / 10 / 0.8 (0.58) / 0.4 (0.40) / 5
Phylloscopus trochilus / 1.2 (0.84) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.16) / 1.4 (1.00) / 2
Pica pica / 8.1 (1.24) / 0.6 (0.62) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.3 (0.31) / 11.1 (10.73) / 20.1 (10.42) / 2 / 3.0 (3.0) / 2.0 (2.0) / 2
Picus canus / 7.2 (2.87) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.21) / 10.6 (0.78) / 18.0 (3.86) / 2 / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2
Picus viridis / 7.0 (1.81) / 0.5 (0.55) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.09) / 6.5 (3.50) / 14.2 (5.32) / 3 / 0.5 (0.50) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2
Poecile palustris / 2.8 (0.63) / 0.1 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.1 (0.04) / 5.2 (1.39) / 8.1 (1.81) / 10 / 1.8 (1.11) / 0.4 (0.40) / 5
Porzana porzana / 13.3 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 3.8 (-) / 17.1 (-) / 1 / 4.0 (-) / 4.0 (-) / 1
Prunella modularis / 5.5 (1.35) / 0.1 (0.05) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2.7 (1.64) / 8.3 (2.44) / 6 / 3.5 (0.50) / 0.5 (0.50) / 2
Rallus aquaticus / 15.3 (1.91) / 0.4 (0.16) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.0 (0.00) / 1.2 (0.28) / 17.1 (1.63) / 4 / 3.0 (1.00) / 2.0 (0.58) / 3
Regulus ignicapilla / 1.2 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.7 (-) / 1.8 (-) / 1
Regulus regulus / 1.4 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 0.3 (-) / 1.7 (-) / 1 / 3.0 (-) / 0.0 (-) / 1
Remiz pendulinus / 3.7 (1.10) / 0.1 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.9 (0.45) / 4.8 (1.11) / 7 / 0.2 (0.17) / 0.0 (0.00) / 6
Riparia riparia / 5.6 (1.86) / 0.0 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.2 (0.13) / 4.3 (1.48) / 10.0 (3.29) / 10 / 0.2 (0.13) / 0.0 (0.00) / 10
Saxicola rubetra / 3.0 (0.95) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.02) / 1.2 (0.52) / 4.3 (0.73) / 6 / 6.0 (2.00) / 5.0 (2.00) / 2
Saxicola rubicola / 3.9 (0.50) / 0.2 (0.15) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.7 (0.46) / 4.9 (0.79) / 6 / 2.4 (0.81) / 0.6 (0.40) / 5
Serinus serinus / 6.0 (2.70) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.0 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.00) / 3.0 (0.95) / 9.0 (3.21) / 6 / 0.2 (0.17) / 0.0 (0.00) / 6
Sitta europaea / 2.7 (0.74) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.05) / 2.0 (0.72) / 4.9 (1.41) / 8 / 1.9 (0.54) / 0.9 (0.39) / 9
Sterna hirundo / 4.8 (1.03) / 0.1 (0.07) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 6.5 (1.33) / 11.4 (1.43) / 5 / 2.7 (0.33) / 2.7 (0.33) / 3
Streptopelia decaocto / 17.2 (7.71) / 0.1 (0.10) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.07) / 7.2 (2.32) / 24.6 (9.00) / 7 / 0.3 (0.33) / 0.0 (0.00) / 3
Strix aluco / 37.0 (7.88) / 5.1 (1.29) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.4 (0.38) / 12.2 (4.50) / 54.7 (13.29) / 2 / 6.5 (0.50) / 5.5 (0.50) / 2
Sturnus vulgaris / 10.3 (2.72) / 0.2 (0.13) / 0.1 (0.08) / 0.1 (0.06) / 6.4 (1.63) / 17.1 (3.82) / 10 / 5.1 (0.80) / 1.8 (0.47) / 10
Sylvia atricapilla / 4.7 (2.00) / 0.1 (0.03) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.1 (0.04) / 7.1 (3.11) / 12.0 (5.05) / 27 / 1.6 (0.47) / 0.9 (0.31) / 15
Sylvia borin / 3.4 (1.51) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 2.0 (0.74) / 5.5 (2.19) / 7 / 3.2 (0.75) / 2.6 (0.52) / 6
Sylvia communis / 2.4 (0.96) / 0.0 (0.02) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 1.7 (0.61) / 4.2 (1.30) / 18 / 1.8 (0.82) / 0.3 (0.16) / 8
Sylvia curruca / 3.1 (0.78) / 0.1 (0.04) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.0 (0.01) / 2.5 (0.63) / 5.7 (1.06) / 21 / 4.6 (0.75) / 2.8 (0.79) / 10
Sylvia nisoria / 4.9 (1.63) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.9 (0.30) / 5.8 (1.92) / 2
Tachymarptis melba / 4.1 (2.55) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.1 (0.09) / 0.0 (0.03) / 1.3 (0.13) / 5.7 (2.49) / 2 / 2.0 (2.0) / 1.5 (1.50) / 2
Troglodytes troglodytes / 11.3 (9.38) / 0.2 (0.11) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.3) / 5.0 (2.12) / 16.6 (11.37) / 3 / 2.0 (-) / 1.0 (-) / 1
Turdus merula / 9.7 (2.18) / 0.6 (0.31) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.2 (0.10) / 14.0 (4.87) / 24.5 (5.00) / 12 / 3.9 (0.74) / 2.7 (0.73) / 12
Turdus philomelos / 10.5 (2.80) / 2.3 (1.53) / 0.1 (0.06) / 0.1 (0.06) / 24.4 (13.28) / 37.3 (15.72) / 7 / 5.7 (0.57) / 4.3 (0.64) / 7
Turdus pilaris / 9.9 (1.68) / 0.5 (0.21) / 0.0 (0.01) / 0.4 (0.13) / 23.1 (10.32) / 33.9 (10.95) / 12 / 3.3 (0.83) / 1.6 (0.60) / 10
Upupa epops / 9.5 (2.47) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.0 (0.00) / 0.1 (0.08) / 1.9 (1.56) / 11.5 (3.95) / 2 / 2.0 (0.00) / 2.0 (0.00) / 2
Appendix S2. Summary information on basal metabolic rate (kj/h), body mass (g), life history (clutch size, incubation period (days), fledging period (days)), ecological traits (nest type (O – open nest, H – hole-breeding), habitat (T – terrestrial, W – wetland), migration (R – resident, S – partial/short-distance migrant, L – long-distance migrant), coloniality (S – solitary, C – colonial)) and diet (A – mainly animal, P – mainly plants). See Material and methods for sources.
Species / BMR(kj/h) / Body mass (g) / Clutch size / Incubation period / Fledging period / Nest type / Habitat / Migration / Coloniality / Diet
Acrocephalus arundinaceus / 30.0 / 4.7 / 14.0 / 13.0 / O / R / L / S / A
Acrocephalus palustris / 0.73 / 11.5 / 4.5 / 13.0 / 10.5 / O / R / L / S / A
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus / 0.78 / 11.2 / 5.0 / 14.0 / 13.5 / O / R / L / S / A
Acrocephalus scirpaceus / 12.3 / 3.9 / 10.5 / 11.0 / O / R / L / S / A
Aegithalos caudatus / 0.72 / 8.6 / 10.1 / 14.7 / 16.0 / O / T / R / S / A
Alauda arvensis / 2.60 / 40.0 / 3.7 / 11.0 / 19.0 / O / T / S / S / P
Alcedo atthis / 1.36 / 35.8 / 6.7 / 20.0 / 25.0 / H / A / S / S / A
Anthus campestris / 1.38 / 23.0 / 4.2 / 13.0 / 13.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Anthus spinoletta / 23.9 / 5.0 / 14.5 / 14.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Anthus trivialis / 1.22 / 23.4 / 4.0 / 13.0 / 13.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Asio otus / 3.43 / 299.0 / 4.2 / 27.5 / 30.0 / O / T / R / S / A
Bombycilla garrulus / 3.43 / 54.5 / 5.2 / 14.5 / 14.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Botaurus stellaris / 1324.5 / 5.0 / 25.5 / 52.5 / O / A / S / S / A
Buteo buteo / 13.52 / 776.0 / 2.8 / 33.0 / 52.5 / O / T / R / S / A
Carduelis cannabina / 1.22 / 19.6 / 4.6 / 12.0 / 13.5 / O / T / R / S / P
Carduelis carduelis / 1.25 / 16.0 / 4.8 / 12.1 / 14.7 / O / T / R / S / P
Carpodacus erythrinus / 1.33 / 24.0 / 4.9 / 11.5 / 11.5 / O / T / L / S / P
Cecropis daurica / 22.2 / 4.3 / 14.5 / 24.0 / H / T / L / C / A
Cinclus cinclus / 61.7 / 4.6 / 16.0 / 22.0 / H / A / R / S / A
Coccothraustes coccothraustes / 2.51 / 56.7 / 4.5 / 12.0 / 12.5 / O / T / R / S / P
Columba livia / 5.97 / 354.5 / 1.9 / 17.5 / 36.0 / O / T / R / C / P
Coracias garrulus / 146.0 / 3.8 / 18.0 / 26.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Corvus corone / 11.93 / 570.0 / 4.3 / 18.5 / 32.2 / O / T / R / S / P
Crex crex / 2.83 / 155.5 / 8.9 / 17.5 / 36.0 / O / R / L / S / P
Cuculus canorus / 3.02 / 111.5 / 9.2 / 12.4 / 19.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Cyanistes caeruleus / 0.60 / 10.6 / 11.0 / 14.2 / 19.0 / H / T / R / S / A
Delichon urbicum / 0.46 / 14.5 / 3.5 / 15.0 / 26.7 / H / T / L / C / A
Dendrocopos major / 3.22 / 76.8 / 5.5 / 11.5 / 22.0 / H / T / R / S / P
Dryocopus martius / 321.0 / 4.8 / 12.0 / 26.0 / H / T / R / S / A
Emberiza calandra / 48.8 / 4.3 / 13.0 / 11.0 / O / T / S / S / P
Emberiza cia / 23.5 / 3.9 / 13.0 / 11.5 / O / T / R / S / P
Emberiza citrinella / 1.57 / 29.7 / 3.9 / 13.0 / 12.0 / O / T / R / S / P
Emberiza hortulana / 1.50 / 19.9 / 4.6 / 11.5 / 12.5 / O / T / L / S / P
Emberiza schoeniclus / 1.08 / 18.5 / 4.9 / 13.0 / 11.0 / O / R / S / S / P
Erithacus rubecula / 1.01 / 17.7 / 5.0 / 13.7 / 13.4 / O / T / S / S / A
Falco tinnunculus / 2.79 / 184.0 / 4.7 / 28.0 / 29.5 / O / T / R / S / A
Falco vespertinus / 152.5 / 3.5 / 22.5 / 28.5 / O / T / L / C / A
Ficedula albicollis / 12.7 / 5.8 / 13.0 / 16.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Ficedula hypoleuca / 0.84 / 13.9 / 5.8 / 14.0 / 15.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Ficedula parva / 9.9 / 5.7 / 12.5 / 12.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Fringilla coelebs / 1.34 / 24.0 / 4.5 / 12.6 / 13.9 / O / T / S / S / P
Galerida cristata / 42.8 / 4.3 / 12.0 / 16.5 / O / T / R / S / P
Gallinula chloropus / 305.0 / 6.6 / 21.5 / 45.0 / O / A / S / S / P
Garrulus glandarius / 4.99 / 168.0 / 5.4 / 16.5 / 21.5 / O / T / R / S / P
Hippolais icterina / 1.69 / 13.2 / 4.8 / 13.5 / 13.5 / O / R / L / S / A
Hirundo rustica / 1.08 / 18.0 / 4.4 / 15.3 / 19.5 / H / T / L / C / A
Ixobrychus minutus / 118.0 / 5.5 / 18.0 / 27.5 / O / A / L / S / A
Jynx torquilla / 1.29 / 35.0 / 8.7 / 12.8 / 20.0 / H / T / L / S / A
Lanius collurio / 1.38 / 28.5 / 5.1 / 14.0 / 14.5 / O / T / L / S / A
Lanius excubitor / 3.68 / 63.4 / 5.5 / 16.0 / 16.5 / O / T / R / S / A
Lanius minor / 46.5 / 6.0 / 15.5 / 17.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Locustella luscinioides / 13.9 / 4.6 / 11.0 / 13.0 / O / R / L / S / A
Luscinia luscinia / 23.8 / 4.8 / 13.3 / 9.6 / O / T / L / S / A
Luscinia megarhynchos / 18.3 / 4.8 / 13.0 / 11.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Merops apiaster / 56.6 / 6.0 / 20.0 / 22.5 / H / T / L / C / A
Motacilla alba / 1.08 / 21.0 / 5.4 / 12.6 / 13.7 / H / T / S / S / A
Motacilla cinerea / 17.6 / 5.2 / 12.5 / 13.5 / H / R / S / S / A
Motacilla flava / 0.93 / 17.6 / 5.5 / 12.4 / 16.0 / O / R / L / S / A
Muscicapa striata / 0.89 / 15.9 / 4.5 / 13.0 / 14.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Oenanthe oenanthe / 25.6 / 6.0 / 13.1 / 15.0 / H / T / L / S / A
Oenanthe pleschanka / 19.4 / 5.3 / 13.5 / 13.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Oriolus oriolus / 2.34 / 79.0 / 3.8 / 16.5 / 16.5 / O / T / L / S / A
Otus scops / 1.70 / 92.0 / 4.5 / 24.5 / 25.0 / H / T / L / S / A
Panurus biarmicus / 13.9 / 5.9 / 11.8 / 12.5 / O / R / R / C / A
Parus major / 1.26 / 18.3 / 9.6 / 13.5 / 16.2 / H / T / R / S / A
Passer domesticus / 1.32 / 27.7 / 4.5 / 12.0 / 14.0 / H / T / R / C / P
Passer hispaniolensis / 24.2 / 5.0 / 11.3 / 13.3 / H / T / S / C / P
Passer montanus / 1.46 / 20.8 / 4.8 / 12.5 / 17.5 / H / T / R / S / P
Pastor roseus / 73.3 / 5.5 / 15.0 / 24.0 / H / T / L / C / A
Periparus ater / 0.85 / 9.2 / 8.4 / 15.0 / 19.0 / H / T / R / S / A
Phasianus colchicus / 1135.0 / 11.9 / 25.5 / 75.0 / O / T / R / S / P
Phoenicurus ochruros / 0.87 / 16.5 / 4.9 / 15.0 / 15.5 / H / T / S / S / A
Phylloscopus collybita / 0.59 / 8.3 / 5.1 / 14.0 / 15.0 / O / T / S / S / A
Phylloscopus sibilatrix / 0.63 / 9.2 / 5.8 / 13.0 / 12.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Phylloscopus trochilus / 0.75 / 8.7 / 6.1 / 13.0 / 13.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Pica pica / 4.31 / 206.0 / 6.0 / 21.5 / 27.0 / O / T / R / S / P
Picus canus / 137.0 / 8.0 / 14.5 / 26.0 / H / T / R / S / A
Picus viridis / 176.0 / 6.1 / 18.0 / 25.0 / H / T / R / S / A
Poecile palustris / 10.9 / 8.2 / 14.9 / 18.5 / H / T / R / S / A
Porzana porzana / 87.1 / 10.3 / 18.5 / 25.0 / O / A / L / S / P
Prunella modularis / 1.17 / 20.3 / 5.1 / 12.5 / 11.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Rallus aquaticus / 111.5 / 8.5 / 20.5 / 25.0 / O / A / S / S / P
Regulus ignicapilla / 5.6 / 8.8 / 15.5 / 23.0 / O / T / R / S / A
Regulus regulus / 0.66 / 5.6 / 9.8 / 16.0 / 19.0 / O / T / R / S / A
Remiz pendulinus / 9.3 / 4.6 / 14.0 / 22.2 / O / R / S / S / A
Riparia riparia / 0.84 / 12.7 / 4.8 / 14.5 / 22.3 / H / R / L / C / A
Saxicola rubetra / 0.87 / 16.6 / 5.8 / 12.5 / 12.5 / O / T / L / S / A
Saxicola rubicola / 0.92 / 15.2 / 5.1 / 13.5 / 13.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Serinus serinus / 11.2 / 3.8 / 12.6 / 15.2 / O / T / S / S / P
Sitta europaea / 22.6 / 7.4 / 15.5 / 23.5 / H / T / R / S / A
Sterna hirundo / 120.0 / 2.7 / 21.5 / 25.0 / O / A / L / C / A
Streptopelia decaocto / 3.42 / 149.0 / 1.9 / 16.0 / 17.0 / O / T / R / S / P
Strix aluco / 475.0 / 2.9 / 29.0 / 34.5 / H / T / R / S / A
Sturnus vulgaris / 3.16 / 86.0 / 4.9 / 12.2 / 21.0 / H / T / S / S / A
Sylvia atricapilla / 1.50 / 16.7 / 4.6 / 13.0 / 10.0 / O / T / S / S / A
Sylvia borin / 1.50 / 18.2 / 4.3 / 11.5 / 10.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Sylvia communis / 15.1 / 4.8 / 11.5 / 11.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Sylvia curruca / 0.72 / 11.1 / 4.9 / 12.0 / 11.5 / O / T / L / S / A
Sylvia nisoria / 1.38 / 22.5 / 4.7 / 12.5 / 11.0 / O / T / L / S / A
Tachymarptis melba / 104.0 / 2.5 / 20.0 / 50.0 / H / T / L / C / A
Troglodytes troglodytes / 0.60 / 9.6 / 6.1 / 16.0 / 17.3 / H / T / S / S / A
Turdus merula / 3.34 / 113.0 / 4.0 / 12.6 / 13.6 / O / T / S / S / A
Turdus philomelos / 2.61 / 67.8 / 4.7 / 13.4 / 13.2 / O / T / S / S / A
Turdus pilaris / 106.0 / 5.2 / 11.5 / 13.5 / O / T / S / S / A
Upupa epops / 1.99 / 61.4 / 7.0 / 15.5 / 27.5 / H / T / L / S / A
Appendix S3. Phylogenetic hypothesis based on the tree of Thuiller et al. (2001) used in the comparative analyses.
Appendix S4. Minimal phylogenetic generalized least squares models for explaining the variation in immune variables between species in relation to incubation period, fledging period, body mass, life-history and ecological traits. The results are for the subset of data limited to species with more than one observation. The values are β (SE) and t. Significant P-values are shown in bold and the values are: * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The near significant values (P < 0.1) are shown in superscripts.
Heterophils / Lymphocytes / WBCs / Agglutination / LysisIntercept / 0.49 (1.07), 0.45 / –1.17 (0.91), –1.28 / 1.32 (1.48), 0.89 / –1.4340 (0.81), –1.720.09 / –1.90 (0.75), –2.53*
Body mass / 0.25 (0.08), 3.10** / 0.27 (0.09), 2.81** / 0.18 (0.11), 1.56 / 0.21 (0.08), 2.55* / 0.17 (0.08), 2.22*
Incubation period / 0.86 (0.41), 2.10* / 1.65 (0.50), 3.29** / 1.10 (0.58), 1.890.06 / 1.22 (0.43), 2.84** / 1.40 (0.41), 3.44***
Fledging period / –0.59 (0.26), –2.31* / –0.96 (0.32), –3.00** / –0.92 (0.37), –2.49* / –0.48 (0.27), –1.790.08 / –0.60 (0.26), –2.32*
Habitat: riparian / – / – / – / 0.17 (0.20), 0.84 / –
aquatic1 / – / – / – / –0.55 (0.24), –2.29* / –
Migration: short / 0.27 (0.12), 2.26* / – / 0.11 (0.17), 0.63 / 0.40 (0.17), 2.30* / 0.34 (0.16), 2.08*
Long2 / –0.15 (0.12), –1.24 / – / –0.33 (0.18), –1.88 / –0.27 (0.15), 1.860.07 / –0.37 (0.14), 2.67**
The minimal models were obtained by eliminating non-significant predictors from the full models in a backward stepwise manner based on the largest P-value. Model intercepts implement the first level of each factor (i.e. resident species in the case of migratory behaviour). All other levels of the candidate factor are compared to the level implemented in the intercept.
1Significant difference between groups riparian and aquatic for agglutination (β (SE) = –0.72 (0.30), t = –2.39, P = 0.0192).
2Significant difference between groups short- and long-distance migrant for heterophils (β (SE) = –0.43 (0.10), t = 4.13, P < 0.0001) and WBCs (β (SE) = –0.44 (0.15), –t = 2.98, P < 0.01) and no significant difference for agglutination (β (SE) = –0.13 (0.15), t = –0.84, P = 0.4026) and lysis (β (SE) = 0.03 (0.15), t = 0.22, P = 0.8279).
Appendix S5. Full phylogenetic generalized least squares models explaining the variation in immune variables between species in relation to incubation period, fledging period, body mass, life-history and ecological traits. The values are β (SE) and t. Significant P-values are shown in bold and the values are: * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Heterophils / Lymphocytes / WBCs / Agglutination / LysisIntercept / 0.02 (1.18), 0.01 / –1.20 (1.13), –1.06 / 0.17 (1.63), 0.11 / –2.00 (0.95), –2.12 / –2.75 (0.85), –3.23**
Body mass / 0.25 (0.08), 3.12** / 0.41 (0.10), 4.08*** / 0.32 (0.11), 2.87** / 0.30 (0.09), 3.45*** / 0.26 (0.08), 3.24**
Incubation period / 1.08 (0.42), 2.58* / 1.90 (0.53), 3.58*** / 1.53 (0.60), 2.56* / 1.59 (0.45), 3.57*** / 1.98 (0.40), 4.93***
Fledging period / –0.70 (0.25), –2.75** / –1.42 (0.37), –3.88*** / –1.14 (0.37), –3.07** / –0.93 (0.32), –2.92** / –1.08 (0.29), –3.77***
Clutch size / –0.01 (0.20), –0.04 / 0.07 (0.24), 0.28 / –0.03 (0.28), –0.11 / 0.31 (0.20), 1.54 / 0.10 (0.18), 0.53
Habitat: riparian / 0.13 (0.16), 0.82 / 0.40 (0.23), 1.72 / 0.34 (0.24), 1.44 / 0.22 (0.21), 1.04 / 0.19 (0.19), 0.98
aquatic1 / –0.21 (0.25), –0.86 / –0.28 (0.28), –0.99 / –0.23 (0.33), –0.68 / –0.49 (0.23), –2.08* / –0.35 (0.21), –1.66
Migration: short / 0.40 (0.12), 3.33** / –0.13 (0.20), –0.64 / 0.32 (0.18), 1.75 / 0.29 (0.17), 1.71 / 0.34 (0.15), 2.23*
long2 / –0.05 (0.13), –0.40 / –0.19 (0.19), –1.02 / –0.17 (0.19), –0.89 / 0.27 (0.16), 1.67 / 0.50 (0.15), 3.43***
Nest type: open / –0.19 (0.13), –1.39 / –0.31 (0.17), –1.80 / –0.27 (0.19), –1.40 / –0.13 (0.15), –0.89 / –0.31 (0.14), –2.24*
Sociality: solitary / 0.11 (0.16), 0.68 / –0.09 (0.25), –0.37 / –0.03 (0.24), –0.11 / –0.07 (0.21), 0.35 / 0.05 (0.19), 0.27
Food type: mainly animal / 0.41 (0.19), 2.19* / –0.16 (0.19), –0.85 / 0.39 (0.25), 1.61 / 0.04 (0.16), 0.26 / 0.26 (0.14), 1.77
Model intercepts implement the first level of each factor (i.e. terrestrial species in the case of habitat and resident species in the case of migratory behaviour). All other levels of the candidate factor are compared to the level implemented in the intercept.
1No significant difference between groups riparian and aquatic for heterophils (β (SE) = –0.35 (0.28), t = –1.22, P = 0.2267), lymphocytes (β (SE) = –0.68 (0.35), t = –1.93, P = 0.0563), WBCs (β (SE) = –0.57 (0.39), t = –1.46, P = 0.1464) and lysis (β (SE) = –0.54 (0.27), t = –1.98, P = 0.0514), and significant difference for agglutination (β (SE) = –0.71 (0.30), t = –2.35, P = 0.0212).
2Significant difference between groups short- and long-distance migrant for heterophils (β (SE) = –0.45 (0.10), t = –4.37, P < 0.0001) and WBCs (β (SE) = –0.49 (0.16), t = –3.07, P = 0.0028) and no significant difference for lymphocytes (β (SE) = –0.06 (0.18), t = –0.36, P = 0.7206), agglutination (β (SE) = –0.02 (0.16), t = –0.14, P = 0.8867) and lysis (β (SE) = 0.16 (0.14), t = 1.12, P = 0.2641).
Appendix S6. Minimal phylogenetic generalized least squares models for explaining the variation in immune variables between species in relation to incubation period, relative incubation period and body mass. Life-history and ecological traits which significantly explained the immune traits (see Table 1) were included in the models to control their effects. Values are β (SE) and t. Significant P-values are shown in bold and the values are: * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. The near significant values (P < 0.1) are shown in superscripts.
Heterophils / Lymphocytes / WBCs / Agglutination / LysisIntercept / –0.49 (1.07), –0.46 / –4.43 (1.13), –3.91*** / –0.55 (1.55), –0.35 / –2.10 (0.92), –2.29* / –2.66 (0.99), –2.69**
Body mass / 0.25 (0.07), 3.55*** / 0.38 (0.09), 4.23*** / 0.29 (0.10), 2.84** / 0.21 (0.07), 2.78** / 0.24 (0.08), 3.26**
Incubation period / 0.14 (0.36), 0.39 / 0.67 (0.39), 1.730.09 / 0.13 (0.50), 0.25 / 0.53 (0.32), 1.63 / 0.64 (0.34), 1.880.06
Relative incubation period / 2.27 (0.99), 2.29* / 5.57 (1.37), 4.06*** / 3.40 (1.42), 2.39* / 3.06 (1.09), 2.81** / 2.43 (1.07), 2.28*