The Beginners Guide To Archery
The best place to find all the information you need when starting at archery.
1. Basic Archery Types
TARGET: This form of archery is the most practiced, tournaments are held both outdoors and in. The archers shoot from a line which runs parallel to and is a designated distance from the target faces. Targets are comprised of multi-coloured concentric circles which each have point values. A shot in the innermost circle scores the highest point value, while a shot in the outermost circle scores the least, the scoring method and number of points awarded changes for different rounds. If a shot misses the target then no points are awarded. Target divisions include the recurve (Olympic) bow, compound bow and bare bow. Events at the Olympic Games are in the outdoor target discipline, using the recurve (Olympic) bow only.
FIELD: A challenging outdoor discipline in which the archer takes on the terrain along with the target, field archery has widespread participation. A course is set up with 24 targets which are marked with the distance to the shooting line. The distances to another 24 targets remain unmarked. Three arrows are shot on each target for a total of 144. The targets are placed with such difficulty that the shots do not resemble target archery. Many of the shots are made uphill or downhill and require consideration for obstacles. Field events are held for the recurve (Olympic) bow, compound bow and bare bow divisions.
CLOUT: A rarely practised discipline, most archers take part in clout archery only for fun. Basically, it is a test of trajectory skill. In clout archery, the target (15 meters in diameter) consists of five concentric circular scoring zones on the ground, which are outlined on the ground. The innermost circle is worth five points, and scores decrease to one point in the outermost circle. Each archer shoots 36 arrows at the target, 165 meters away for men and 125 for women.
2. Common Bows and Equipment
RECURVE OR OLYMPIC: This is the only type of bow allowed in Olympic competition, as yet. Its limbs curve away from the archer. This is the direct descendant of the bows of antiquity, differing only in the materials used and refinements. The force required to pull an Olympic bow increases directly with the distance pulled.Bow handles (risers) are made of aluminium alloys and are machined for a combination of strength and lightness. Some bow handles are made of a magnesium and aluminium mixture. Some lower cost, beginners bows have wood risers, these also are commonly used by young children to. Some hand-made bows also have wooden risers.
Bow limbs are generally constructed of man-made materials, such as fiberglass, carbon and syntatic foam. The limbs store the energy of the draw and release it to the arrow. The string and the limbs are commonly removed from the riser when the bow is not in use, allowing for easy storage this is commonly known as a "take-down" bow.
Bows have stabilisers to reduce torque (twisting) in the arrows upon release. They also have sights to aid in aiming and rests to help align the shot.
Most bow strings are made of either "Fast Flight", also known as "Kevlar". The important point to be made about the string is that it must not stretch under normal environmental conditions, as that would change the bows pull weight and make consistency impossible. A layer of string material called the serving is placed where the arrow is nocked to snugly match the notch on the arrow, and a small ring is permanently placed on the serving to mark where the arrow rests when nocked. A small button, called the kisser button, is often used to assure that the back end of the arrow is always pulled back to the proper, repeatable anchor point. When properly drawn, the kisser button rests right between the lips.
An arrow is pulled back to the anchor point using the middle three fingers of the draw hand. These fingers are often covered with a glove or a leather "tab" which protects the fingers. A tab may have a metal shelf built in so that the two fingers on either side of the arrow do not squeeze it.
On Olympic bows a clicker is a small, spring-loaded lever that is held out away from its resting point by the arrow. When the arrow is drawn back to exactly the same point each time, the clicker slips past the tip of the arrow, producing an audible "click", which tells the archer he has the arrow at the same, repeatable release point. This causes very close to the same amount of tension to be used on every shot, so the arrow flight is the same.
A sight allows the archer, when the arrow is properly drawn, to line the bow up with the centre of the target by eye. The sight generally has adjustments in up-down and left-right dimensions with calliper-style read outs so that ageing equipment, weather, temperature and distance to the target may be accommodated. Olympic archery allows for sights which do not have lenses or electronics associated with them.
Arm guards and chest protectors protect the skin from string burn, as well as provide a low-resistance surface that the string may skim over easily upon release. A pair of binoculars or a sighting scope allows the archer to see the arrows in the target, and thereby make corrections to the sight as required. A quiver to hold arrows and other equipment completes the archer's accessories.
A Compound Bow: The Compound bow, unlike the Olympic bow, is never taken down between uses. The great tension pre-set into the lambs can only safely be countered when the bow is couched in piece of equipment called a bow press. The cams are synchronised when this is done, and are held in place by the tension. Compound bow cases must be able to accommodate the entire bow.
Because the Compound bow's forte is accuracy, equipment which increases the accuracy is deemed fair for compound use while it is not for Olympic archery. The site may include electronics and/or lenses to increase accuracy, and a release aid, rather than fingers, may be used. A release aid is a mechanical "finger" that grips the string and releases it when the trigger is pressed by the draw hand.
Arrows
Arrows in the recurve (Olympic) bow events can travel in excess of 150 miles per hour, while compound arrows can fly in excess of 225 miles per hour. The shafts are made of either aluminium or aluminium with carbon fibres. Aluminium arrows are more uniform in weight and shape, while carbon arrows fly faster and provide less cross-wind resistance, and are therefore more useful in long distance outdoor archery.
One end of the arrow is weighted and tipped with a target point, designed to penetrate but a short distance in the target butt. The other end features a nocking point, a plastic cap glued or otherwise attached to the end of the arrow. Its fingers grip the string until flung loose, and it provides a protection for the shaft by deflecting hits from later incoming arrows. This generally destroys the nock, but leaves the arrow reusable. Sometimes, of course, the aim is too perfect to deflect; the resulting "Robin-Hood" is both spectacular and expensive, as both arrows are usually destroyed.
On the shaft itself fletchings are glued to stabilise the arrow's flight. Sometimes they are glued in such a way as to cause the shaft to spin around its long dimension, further stabilising its flight at a cost to its flat trajectory. The fletchings are generally three in number, one of which (the index feather) has a different colour than the other two.
Fletchings may be plastic "feathers" or solid vanes, in a variety of shapes, lengths and, of course, colours.
3. Glossary of Archery Terms
Armguard:Protects the bow arm from abrasion by the string when the arrow is released.
Clicker: A spring loaded finger that sounds an audible cue to the archer that the arrow has been drawn to a repeatable distance.
End: A group of arrows, usually three or six, which are shot before going to the target to score and retrieve them.
Finger Tab: A flat piece of leather that is worn to protect the string fingers when the arrow is released.
Fletching: Feathers attached to an arrow which help stabilise the arrow during flight.
FITA: Federation Internationale de Tir a'lArc, archery's international governing body.
FITA Round: A round of 144 total arrows shot at a target from four different distances.
Group: (n) The pattern of arrows on the target. (v) To shoot three arrows on the target.
Inner Ring:A ring printed on standard FITA targets inside the ten ring. It is used only for indoor compound scoring.
Limb: Part of the bow from the riser (handle) to the tip.
Nock: (n) The attachment on the rear end of an arrow which holds it in place on the bow string. (v) To place the arrow on the string.
Quiver: A case for holding arrows. Usually, a long leather container usually worn on a belt at the waist.
Release Aid: Mechanical device used to release the arrow, used by most compound shooters.
Riser: The handle of the bow. The side facing the target is called the back. The side near the string (closest to the archer) is called the belly.
Sight: A mechanical device placed on the bow with which the archer can aim directly at the target.
Stabiliser: A weight mounted on a bow, usually extending some distance from the handle, used to minimise undesirable torque's of the bow string upon release.
The Metric System in Archery
Since FITA is an international organisation with a French name, started in France it is not unusual that it should have chosen to use metric measurements rather than English one. However, the English system, and the influence of British Archery tradition, have not gone unfelt. The traditional indoor shooting distance was 20 yards; the metric equivalent of 18 meters is only about a foot shorter, a trivial, though duly marked, difference. The target sizes of 40, 60, 80, and 122 centimetres closely match English equivalents of 16, 24, 32 and 48 inches. Longer shooting distances are approximated with this chart:
Meters / Yards30 / 32
50 / 54
60 / 65
70 / 76
90 / 98
In the end, archery is a mental game of skill and co-ordination. The ultimate aim is consistency; the ability to do exactly the same thing over and over again. The skill must be learned into habit through practice, while providing the ability to recognise and selectively correct out or incorporate changes into the archery routine.