Supporting Information

LCA FOR AGRICULTURE

MEXALCA: A modular method for the extrapolation of crop LCA

Anne Roches • Thomas Nemecek • Gérard Gaillard • Katharina Plassmann • Sarah Sim • Henry King • Llorenç Milà i Canals

1 Calculation of the estimators

Estimators rely on agricultural indices fed with statistical data from the FAOSTAT (FAO 2009) and EarthTrends (WRI 2009) databases and from personal communication with experts (Rolf Derpsch, Wolfgang Sturny, Bernhard Streit, Thomas Anken). They indicate the farming intensity in a country and are dimensionless. We determined them for all countries having an agricultural area according to FAO (2009) (more than 200 countries). We thus obtained an agricultural index for:

  • The machinery use intensity: number of machines (tractors and combined harvesters-threshers) used per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT).
  • The tillage intensity: percentage of the area which is tilled in the whole country (data used: personal communications). For crops which are not well suited for no-till cultivation (potato for instance), it was assumed that 100% of the area is tilled.
  • The intensity of nitrogen fertilisation: kg of N fertilisers applied per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT).
  • The intensity of phosphorus fertilisation: kg of P fertilisers applied per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT).
  • The intensity of potassium fertilisation: kg of K fertilisers applied per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT).
  • The intensity of pesticide utilisation: kg of active ingredients applied per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT).
  • The intensity of irrigation water: m3 of water used for irrigation per ha in the whole country, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: EarthTrends).
  • The intensity of drying: percentage of the agricultural area which is not equipped for irrigation, normalized by the corresponding world weighted average (data used: FAOSTAT). For Least Developed Countries (LDCs) this index is set to 0, assuming that product drying is rarely done by using fossil fuels due to financial restrictions.

The area used for the agricultural indices issuing from FAOSTAT corresponds to the area occupied by arable or permanent crops. We thus assume that the machinery, fertilisers, pesticides, and irrigation are used for arable and permanent crops and not on the grassland. In turn, we assume that all animal manure is used on grassland, which is of course a simplification. The value of an agricultural index in a given country reflects several influencing factors: yield, pedo-climatic conditions, development level, structure of the production, or traditions. For instance, it is known that nitrogen fertilisation is highly correlated to yield, that more fertiliser has to be spread in the case of poor soil or that the machinery use is high e.g. in Switzerland due to structural factors (farms with small crop area but with a lot of machines).

Missing values in the agricultural indices were replaced by the regional average. Extreme values (indices smaller than 0.03 or bigger than 10) were checked. In case of suspicion that a value was wrong, regional average has been considered too. Countries having an area less than 0.02% of the world agricultural area and showing extreme values were systematically replaced by the regional average.

The estimators for the farming inputs are not just country specific (as the agricultural indices are) but also crop specific. They are based on:

  • The amount of farming inputs in the original situation (e.g. kg of N fertilisers per ha in the USA)
  • The ratio of the yields in the two situations (original and target situation)
  • The ratio of the agricultural indices in the two situations. The agricultural indices were described previously.

The amount of farming input in the original situation and the yields in the two situations are crop and country specific, whereas the agricultural indices are country specific only.

The estimators, for a crop c, in a target country t, using an inventory for an original country o, are given by:

a. For variable machinery use (module b):

: Variable machinery use in the target country compared to the variable machinery use in the original country [-] (index for mechanisation intensity)

: Yield in the target country [kg raw product (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Yield in the original country [kg raw product (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Agricultural index for machinery use intensity in the target country [-]

: Agricultural index for machinery use intensity in the original country [-]

The square root appearing in the formula refers to the following assumption: The agricultural indices reflect two aspects, namely the general management intensity in a country (which is related to the physical properties of the environment and to the farming context) and the yield. In general, higher yields are also associated with high management intensity and vice versa. We introduced an explicit consideration of the yield in the formula, in order to use this more crop specific information. A farmer having a higher yield expectation will in general apply more inputs, unless he is restricted by lack of money. As the yield is already indirectly included in the agricultural indices, this would result in a double counting. To avoid this, we take the square root of the ratio of the agricultural indices. This means that both factors, namely the yield and the farming context are of about the same magnitude.

b. For variable tillage (module c):

The impacts resulting from tillage are estimated by multiplying the impacts calculated for the tillage module in the original country by the percentage of area within each country that is managed under conventional tillage. The area under no-till in each country was estimated using data from Derpsch and Friedrich (2009). The tillage module is calculated for 100% conventional tillage.

c. For variable N fertilisers, P2O5 fertilisers, K2O fertilisers and pesticides corresponding to modules d, e, f and g respectively:

: Amount of input in the target country [kg N (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg P2O5 (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg K2O (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg active ingredient (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg water evaporated (ha)-1 (GS) -1] respectively

: Amount of input in the original country (i.e. in the original inventory) [kg N (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg P2O5 (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg K2O (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg active ingredient (ha)-1(GS) -1], [kg water evaporated (ha)-1 (GS) -1] respectively

: Yield in the target country [kg raw product (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Yield in the original country [kg raw product (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Agricultural index in the target country for the intensity of use of input X [-]

: Agricultural index in the original country for the intensity of use of input X [-]

These inputs (fertilisers, pesticides and drying) are directly related to the yield. For this reason, the yield is explicitly included in the equation.

d. For variable irrigation (module h):

: Amount of irrigation water used in the target country [m3 water (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Amount of irrigation water used in the original country (i.e. in the original inventory) [m3 water (ha)-1(GS) -1]

: Agricultural index for irrigation intensity in the target country [-]

: Agricultural index for irrigation intensity in the original country [-]

For irrigation, the yield is not explicitly considered, since we assume that the amount of water needed for irrigation is mainly determined by the climatic conditions in the target country, which are expressed by than by the yield expectation.

e. For variable drying corresponding to module i:

Drying is proportional to the ratios of the yields and to the ratios of the drying indices. The latter are calculated as the fraction of the area not equipped for irrigation. Drying is a post-harvest process that does not influence the yield. Therefore no square root is taken.

See section c for the meaning of the symbols.

2 Values of the agricultural indices

Countries / mach / indN / indP / indK / indPest / irr / till / indDry
Afghanistan / 0.00 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.16 / 1.21 / 0.98 / 0.00
Albania / 0.52 / 0.71 / 1.17 / 1.55 / 4.11 / 0.64 / 0.99 / 0.50
Algeria / 0.58 / 0.12 / 0.11 / 0.15 / 0.21 / 0.20 / 0.99 / 0.93
American Samoa / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Andorra / 3.75 / 1.02 / 1.13 / 1.55 / 4.11 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.81
Angola / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.03 / 0.99 / 0.00
Antigua and Barbuda / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.77
Argentina / 0.45 / 0.40 / 0.62 / 0.06 / 2.28 / 0.32 / 0.54 / 0.95
Armenia / 1.27 / 0.35 / 1.29 / 2.54 / 2.78 / 1.47 / 0.98 / 0.49
Aruba / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Australia / 0.34 / 0.33 / 0.90 / 0.29 / 0.84 / 0.16 / 0.62 / 0.95
Austria / 10.69 / 3.05 / 1.56 / 2.94 / 2.05 / 0.38 / 0.99 / 0.94
Azerbaijan / 0.61 / 0.13 / 1.29 / 0.06 / 2.78 / 2.40 / 0.98 / 0.29
Bahamas / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.92
Bahrain / 1.05 / 1.61 / 0.46 / 0.61 / 1.56 / 2.48 / 0.98 / 0.33
Bangladesh / 0.00 / 1.89 / 1.12 / 1.19 / 0.27 / 3.82 / 0.98 / 0.00
Barbados / 0.85 / 1.24 / 0.35 / 0.08 / 3.70 / 0.50 / 0.84 / 0.71
Belarus / 0.58 / 0.91 / 0.67 / 3.83 / 0.91 / 0.06 / 0.99 / 0.98
Belgium / 5.28 / 3.74 / 1.52 / 3.22 / 9.35 / 0.38 / 0.99 / 0.95
Belize / 0.53 / 1.40 / 2.34 / 0.87 / 6.76 / 0.13 / 1.00 / 0.96
Benin / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.14 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Bermuda / 10.05 / 1.24 / 2.47 / 2.74 / 1.85 / 1.79 / 0.81 / 0.77
Bhutan / 0.00 / 0.73 / 0.49 / 0.43 / 0.04 / 1.06 / 0.98 / 0.00
Bolivia / 0.09 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 3.44 / 0.16 / 0.54 / 0.96
Bosnia and Herzegovina / 1.23 / 0.36 / 0.31 / 0.45 / 4.11 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 1.00
Botswana / 0.72 / 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 1.38 / 0.09 / 0.99 / 1.00
Brazil / 0.57 / 0.52 / 1.75 / 2.94 / 0.90 / 0.24 / 0.54 / 0.96
British Virgin Islands / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Brunei Darussalam / 0.21 / 6.01 / 0.05 / 0.09 / 1.77 / 1.29 / 0.98 / 0.94
Bulgaria / 0.52 / 1.53 / 1.67 / 0.08 / 0.91 / 0.22 / 0.99 / 0.83
Burkina Faso / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.05 / 0.15 / 0.07 / 0.99 / 0.00
Burundi / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.99 / 0.00
Cambodia / 0.04 / 0.02 / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.44 / 0.98 / 0.00
Cameroon / 0.06 / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.13 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 1.00
Canada / 0.71 / 0.51 / 0.50 / 0.36 / 1.85 / 0.04 / 0.81 / 0.98
Cape Verde / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.14 / 0.03 / 0.18 / 0.99 / 0.94
Cayman Islands / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Central African Republic / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.00 / 0.99 / 0.00
Chad / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.02 / 0.99 / 0.00
Channel Islands / 6.14 / 2.13 / 2.54 / 3.20 / 1.08 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.59
Chile / 1.21 / 1.89 / 2.84 / 2.63 / 5.04 / 1.46 / 0.54 / 0.19
China / 0.41 / 3.02 / 2.71 / 1.69 / 1.91 / 1.22 / 0.98 / 0.64
Colombia / 0.28 / 1.53 / 1.32 / 3.37 / 11.93 / 0.46 / 0.54 / 0.76
Comoros / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.44 / 0.99 / 0.00
Congo / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.13 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 1.00
Congo, Democratic Republic of / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Cook Islands / 1.25 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.29 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Costa Rica / 0.69 / 2.07 / 1.74 / 7.84 / 6.76 / 1.16 / 1.00 / 0.80
Côte d'Ivoire / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.11 / 0.21 / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.99
Croatia / 3.74 / 0.90 / 1.05 / 2.42 / 4.11 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.99
Cuba / 0.85 / 0.15 / 0.16 / 0.43 / 3.70 / 0.55 / 0.84 / 0.80
Cyprus / 3.82 / 1.02 / 1.58 / 1.32 / 2.78 / 0.53 / 0.98 / 0.71
Czech Republic / 1.42 / 1.52 / 0.69 / 0.91 / 1.05 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.99
Denmark / 2.75 / 1.24 / 0.27 / 1.47 / 1.25 / 0.10 / 0.99 / 0.80
Djibouti / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 1.27 / 0.99 / 0.00
Dominica / 0.85 / 0.08 / 0.43 / 0.58 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Dominican Republic / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.48 / 0.72 / 0.84 / 0.79
Ecuador / 0.29 / 0.79 / 0.59 / 1.34 / 2.48 / 1.99 / 0.54 / 0.67
Egypt / 1.26 / 7.22 / 2.31 / 0.68 / 0.14 / 7.61 / 0.99 / 0.01
El Salvador / 0.19 / 0.65 / 0.57 / 0.40 / 6.76 / 0.36 / 1.00 / 0.95
Equatorial Guinea / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Eritrea / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.39 / 0.99 / 0.00
Estonia / 3.21 / 0.74 / 3.03 / 0.95 / 0.26 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.99
Ethiopia / 0.01 / 0.10 / 0.25 / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.21 / 0.99 / 0.00
Faroe Islands / 6.14 / 2.13 / 2.54 / 3.20 / 1.08 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.90
Fiji / 2.77 / 0.38 / 0.10 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.07 / 0.84 / 0.99
Finland / 4.27 / 1.28 / 0.62 / 1.90 / 0.48 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.96
France / 3.02 / 1.86 / 1.37 / 2.51 / 4.72 / 0.08 / 0.99 / 0.87
French Guiana / 1.02 / 0.80 / 1.05 / 1.15 / 3.44 / 1.08 / 0.54 / 0.88
French Polynesia / 0.54 / 0.22 / 0.41 / 0.61 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.96
Gabon / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.13 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.99
Gambia / 0.01 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.03 / 0.99 / 0.00
Georgia / 0.82 / 0.24 / 0.05 / 0.04 / 2.78 / 0.85 / 0.98 / 0.56
Germany / 4.04 / 2.38 / 0.97 / 2.14 / 2.10 / 0.33 / 0.99 / 0.96
Ghana / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.14 / 0.03 / 0.05 / 0.99 / 1.00
Greece / 3.10 / 1.17 / 1.17 / 0.76 / 2.29 / 0.69 / 0.99 / 0.62
Grenada / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Guadeloupe / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.72
Guam / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Guatemala / 0.16 / 0.89 / 0.99 / 0.26 / 6.76 / 0.35 / 1.00 / 0.94
Guinea / 0.14 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.09 / 0.36 / 0.99 / 0.00
Guinea-Bissau / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.11 / 0.99 / 0.00
Guyana / 0.36 / 0.38 / 0.08 / 0.06 / 3.44 / 1.33 / 0.54 / 0.71
Haiti / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 0.01 / 0.36 / 0.84 / 0.92
Honduras / 0.47 / 0.39 / 0.20 / 0.06 / 1.96 / 0.21 / 1.00 / 0.94
Hungary / 1.22 / 1.15 / 0.75 / 1.14 / 0.88 / 0.22 / 0.99 / 0.95
Iceland / 6.14 / 2.13 / 2.54 / 3.20 / 0.60 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.90
India / 0.67 / 1.07 / 1.01 / 0.64 / 0.25 / 1.40 / 0.98 / 0.68
Indonesia / 0.44 / 1.09 / 0.55 / 0.73 / 1.77 / 0.96 / 0.98 / 0.87
Iran, Islamic Republic of / 0.68 / 0.83 / 0.90 / 0.41 / 0.51 / 1.66 / 0.98 / 0.53
Iraq / 0.61 / 1.61 / 1.29 / 2.54 / 0.10 / 2.88 / 0.98 / 0.41
Ireland / 6.43 / 4.65 / 3.36 / 4.39 / 1.66 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.90
Isle of Man / 6.14 / 2.13 / 2.54 / 3.20 / 1.08 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.90
Israel / 2.70 / 1.43 / 4.87 / 2.54 / 4.83 / 1.28 / 0.98 / 0.53
Italy / 7.71 / 1.19 / 1.25 / 1.47 / 6.15 / 0.75 / 0.99 / 0.63
Jamaica / 0.85 / 0.35 / 0.52 / 0.24 / 5.36 / 0.30 / 0.84 / 0.91
Japan / 28.13 / 1.95 / 5.67 / 6.09 / 1.85 / 4.85 / 0.98 / 0.45
Jordan / 1.05 / 2.72 / 1.29 / 7.03 / 1.93 / 1.16 / 0.98 / 0.73
Kazakhstan / 0.14 / 0.05 / 0.13 / 0.01 / 0.30 / 0.56 / 0.98 / 0.84
Kenya / 0.11 / 0.21 / 0.65 / 0.14 / 0.51 / 0.17 / 0.99 / 0.98
Kiribati / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of / 2.64 / 2.06 / 3.58 / 3.47 / 3.90 / 0.75 / 0.98 / 0.50
Korea, Republic of / 7.31 / 3.10 / 4.45 / 6.63 / 1.91 / 1.97 / 0.98 / 0.53
Kuwait / 1.05 / 1.61 / 1.29 / 2.54 / 1.79 / 8.14 / 0.98 / 0.25
Kyrgyzstan / 0.82 / 0.28 / 0.04 / 0.11 / 0.30 / 2.82 / 0.98 / 0.26
Lao People's Democratic Republic / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 1.20 / 0.98 / 0.00
Latvia / 2.77 / 0.40 / 0.37 / 0.52 / 0.30 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.98
Lebanon / 1.17 / 0.77 / 1.59 / 0.52 / 5.19 / 1.18 / 0.98 / 0.68
Lesotho / 0.27 / 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 1.38 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.99
Liberia / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.00
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / 0.92 / 0.44 / 0.62 / 0.15 / 0.14 / 0.70 / 0.99 / 0.78
Liechtenstein / 6.81 / 3.74 / 1.52 / 3.22 / 5.06 / 0.38 / 0.99 / 0.84
Lithuania / 3.17 / 0.24 / 2.00 / 3.71 / 0.24 / 0.00 / 0.99 / 1.00
Luxembourg / 5.65 / 4.44 / 1.70 / 2.56 / 5.06 / 0.38 / 0.99 / 0.84
Madagascar / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 1.74 / 0.99 / 0.00
Malawi / 0.03 / 0.24 / 0.15 / 0.17 / 0.20 / 0.15 / 0.99 / 0.00
Malaysia / 0.84 / 1.17 / 0.63 / 5.28 / 1.77 / 0.31 / 0.98 / 0.95
Maldives / 0.63 / 1.24 / 0.03 / 0.05 / 0.51 / 2.22 / 0.98 / 0.53
Mali / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.54 / 0.99 / 0.00
Malta / 2.33 / 0.91 / 0.68 / 1.05 / 4.11 / 0.47 / 0.99 / 0.80
Marshall Islands / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Martinique / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.65
Mauritania / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 1.27 / 0.99 / 0.00
Mauritius / 0.22 / 1.19 / 1.30 / 5.90 / 2.67 / 1.97 / 0.99 / 0.80
Mayotte / 0.22 / 0.57 / 0.78 / 2.10 / 2.67 / 0.65 / 0.99 / 0.88
Mexico / 0.57 / 0.63 / 0.66 / 0.40 / 6.76 / 0.93 / 1.00 / 0.77
Micronesia, Federated States of / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Moldova / 0.98 / 0.14 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.91 / 0.15 / 0.99 / 0.86
Mongolia / 0.20 / 0.06 / 3.58 / 3.47 / 3.90 / 0.08 / 0.98 / 0.93
Montserrat / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Morocco / 0.26 / 0.39 / 0.87 / 0.38 / 0.14 / 0.48 / 0.99 / 0.84
Mozambique / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.03 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.06 / 0.99 / 0.00
Myanmar / 0.13 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 1.32 / 0.98 / 0.00
Namibia / 0.40 / 0.03 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 1.38 / 0.11 / 0.99 / 0.99
Nepal / 0.00 / 0.25 / 0.32 / 0.05 / 0.16 / 1.72 / 0.98 / 0.00
Netherlands / 7.42 / 9.01 / 2.11 / 3.22 / 8.94 / 1.21 / 0.99 / 0.40
Netherlands Antilles / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
New Caledonia / 9.19 / 1.49 / 3.07 / 3.17 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.01
New Zealand / 1.02 / 1.73 / 5.21 / 2.59 / 0.84 / 0.11 / 0.62 / 0.85
Nicaragua / 0.47 / 0.26 / 0.28 / 0.23 / 2.15 / 0.21 / 1.00 / 0.97
Niger / 0.04 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.14 / 0.06 / 0.99 / 0.00
Nigeria / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.03 / 0.08 / 0.99 / 0.99
Niue / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Northern Mariana Islands / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Norway / 7.49 / 1.62 / 2.31 / 3.82 / 0.64 / 0.11 / 0.99 / 0.86
Occupied Palestinian Territory / 1.54 / 1.61 / 1.29 / 2.54 / 2.78 / 2.48 / 0.98 / 0.93
Oman / 0.12 / 1.71 / 0.40 / 4.07 / 5.90 / 6.53 / 0.98 / 0.20
Pakistan / 0.72 / 1.85 / 1.30 / 0.06 / 0.47 / 3.15 / 0.98 / 0.22
Palau / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Panama / 0.67 / 0.37 / 0.20 / 0.29 / 5.95 / 0.14 / 1.00 / 0.94
Papua New Guinea / 0.08 / 0.18 / 1.26 / 0.08 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Paraguay / 0.58 / 0.17 / 0.93 / 1.07 / 2.81 / 0.05 / 0.54 / 0.98
Peru / 0.14 / 0.75 / 0.57 / 0.63 / 0.97 / 1.63 / 0.54 / 0.72
Philippines / 0.27 / 0.82 / 0.66 / 0.36 / 1.77 / 0.84 / 0.98 / 0.86
Poland / 5.12 / 0.97 / 1.04 / 2.10 / 0.54 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.99
Portugal / 3.74 / 1.01 / 1.77 / 1.68 / 5.08 / 1.60 / 0.99 / 0.68
Puerto Rico / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.64
Qatar / 0.17 / 1.61 / 0.04 / 0.28 / 3.07 / 4.25 / 0.98 / 0.38
Réunion / 0.22 / 0.57 / 0.78 / 2.10 / 2.67 / 0.65 / 0.99 / 0.69
Romania / 0.89 / 0.43 / 0.40 / 0.10 / 1.11 / 0.57 / 0.99 / 0.68
Russian Federation / 0.27 / 0.10 / 0.10 / 0.15 / 0.19 / 0.05 / 0.99 / 0.96
Rwanda / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.13 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.00
Saint Helena / 0.17 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.14 / 0.03 / 0.08 / 0.99 / 0.98
Saint Kitts and Nevis / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Saint Lucia / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 5.96 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.83
Saint Pierre and Miquelon / 0.47 / 0.83 / 0.87 / 1.29 / 6.76 / 0.44 / 0.81 / 0.91
Saint Vincent and Grenadines / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.88
Samoa / 2.77 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.15 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
San Marino / 3.75 / 1.02 / 1.13 / 1.55 / 4.11 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.81
Sao Tome and Principe / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Saudi Arabia / 0.15 / 0.81 / 1.40 / 0.11 / 0.62 / 1.73 / 0.98 / 0.54
Senegal / 0.02 / 0.10 / 0.17 / 0.16 / 0.16 / 0.35 / 0.99 / 0.00
Serbia and Montenegro / 4.11 / 0.99 / 0.86 / 1.45 / 0.77 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.99
Seychelles / 0.22 / 0.57 / 0.78 / 2.10 / 1.58 / 0.06 / 0.99 / 0.97
Sierra Leone / 0.01 / 0.04 / 0.06 / 0.06 / 0.14 / 0.27 / 0.99 / 0.00
Singapore / 0.84 / 6.01 / 5.47 / 1.67 / 1.77 / 1.29 / 0.98 / 0.84
Slovakia / 0.82 / 0.79 / 0.50 / 0.70 / 1.71 / 0.17 / 0.99 / 0.87
Slovenia / 3.75 / 2.60 / 2.91 / 4.73 / 5.75 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.98
Solomon Islands / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Somalia / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 1.09 / 0.99 / 0.00
South Africa / 0.22 / 0.42 / 0.52 / 0.40 / 1.38 / 0.21 / 0.99 / 0.90
Spain / 2.46 / 0.99 / 1.14 / 1.39 / 1.59 / 0.56 / 0.99 / 0.79
Sri Lanka / 0.45 / 1.43 / 0.73 / 1.77 / 0.81 / 2.67 / 0.98 / 0.70
Sudan / 0.04 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.94 / 0.99 / 0.90
Suriname / 0.58 / 1.16 / 0.17 / 0.28 / 2.23 / 3.93 / 0.54 / 0.25
Swaziland / 0.40 / 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.25 / 1.38 / 2.24 / 0.99 / 0.74
Sweden / 3.44 / 1.05 / 0.73 / 0.96 / 0.55 / 0.04 / 0.99 / 0.96
Switzerland / 11.59 / 1.69 / 1.44 / 3.08 / 3.17 / 0.05 / 0.99 / 0.94
Syrian Arab Republic / 0.88 / 0.74 / 0.88 / 0.03 / 0.51 / 1.50 / 0.98 / 0.75
Tajikistan / 0.98 / 0.16 / 0.08 / 0.11 / 0.30 / 4.40 / 0.98 / 0.32
Tanzania, United Republic of / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.19 / 0.99 / 0.00
Thailand / 1.28 / 0.98 / 0.95 / 1.11 / 1.02 / 1.83 / 0.98 / 0.73
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia / 4.10 / 0.35 / 0.14 / 0.46 / 0.76 / 0.79 / 0.99 / 0.91
Timor-Leste / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.98 / 0.00
Togo / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.07 / 0.09 / 0.14 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Tonga / 2.77 / 0.78 / 0.83 / 0.09 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Trinidad and Tobago / 0.85 / 1.98 / 0.14 / 0.38 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.97
Tunisia / 0.38 / 0.18 / 0.42 / 0.06 / 0.17 / 0.18 / 0.99 / 0.92
Turkey / 1.71 / 0.98 / 0.95 / 0.22 / 1.00 / 0.45 / 0.98 / 0.80
Turkmenistan / 1.36 / 0.16 / 0.08 / 0.35 / 0.30 / 5.33 / 0.98 / 0.16
Turks and Caicos Islands / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Tuvalu / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Uganda / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.07 / 0.01 / 0.99 / 0.00
Ukraine / 0.60 / 0.20 / 0.09 / 0.14 / 0.91 / 0.25 / 0.99 / 0.93
United Arab Emirates / 0.07 / 1.78 / 0.40 / 1.68 / 2.78 / 2.70 / 0.98 / 0.71
United Kingdom / 4.26 / 3.10 / 1.79 / 3.54 / 4.85 / 0.02 / 0.99 / 0.97
United States of America / 1.31 / 1.26 / 1.23 / 1.78 / 1.85 / 0.47 / 0.81 / 0.87
Uruguay / 1.26 / 0.68 / 2.75 / 0.18 / 2.32 / 0.91 / 0.54 / 0.85
US Virgin Islands / 0.85 / 0.76 / 0.32 / 0.34 / 3.70 / 0.41 / 0.84 / 0.77
Uzbekistan / 1.61 / 0.16 / 0.08 / 0.20 / 0.30 / 4.78 / 0.98 / 0.14
Vanuatu / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of / 0.72 / 1.32 / 0.88 / 1.22 / 3.44 / 0.49 / 0.54 / 0.83
Viet Nam / 2.00 / 2.15 / 2.40 / 2.48 / 2.52 / 2.54 / 0.98 / 0.66
Wallis and Futuna Islands / 2.77 / 0.46 / 0.85 / 0.63 / 0.22 / 0.04 / 0.84 / 0.48
Western Sahara / 0.11 / 1.40 / 0.73 / 0.24 / 0.14 / 1.69 / 0.99 / 0.60
Yemen / 0.18 / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 2.78 / 1.61 / 0.98 / 0.70
Zambia / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.07 / 0.11 / 0.99 / 0.00
Zimbabwe / 0.33 / 0.30 / 0.39 / 0.27 / 0.75 / 0.42 / 0.99 / 0.95

References

Derpsch R, Friedrich T (2009) Development and current status of no-till adoption in the world. Proceedings on CD, 18th Triennial Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO), June 15–19, 2009, Izmir, Turkey

FAO (2009) FAOSTAT. Accessed April 2009

WRI (2009) Earth trends. Environmental Information. Accessed October 2009