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Praxis II: Content Knowledge of Elementary Education
PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects (#5031)The PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects exam is a multiple-choice standardized assessment designed to assess an individual’s knowledge in the areas of reading and language arts, mathematics, social studies, and science. The PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects exam addresses academic concepts taught at the elementary level. To be successful on the exam, test-takers should be knowledgeable about a variety of concepts related to reading and language arts, mathematics, social studies, and science.
Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects is a new addition to the PRAXIS exam series. Each area of the test - Reading and Language Arts, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science - is separately scored. Each state that requires the Elementary Education: Multiple Subject exam specifies a certain minimum score for each area of the test. This means that to successfully complete exam requirements, the test-taker must demonstrate an adequate level of knowledge in each area.
PRAXIS II Elementary Education Exam Sample Study Material
PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects Exam Information
The PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects exam consists of four separately timed exams. The test-taker will have 210 minutes (3.5 hours) to complete all exams. All questions are multiple-choice with four answer options. There is no penalty for an incorrect answer.
•Reading and Language Arts - 60 minutes; 65 questions
•Mathematics - 50 minutes; 40 questions
•Social Studies - 50 minutes; 55 questions
•Science - 50 minutes; 50 questions
The questions are straightforward and designed to measure the test-taker’s knowledge in each area.
PRAXIS II Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects Testing Tips
The Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects exam can be difficult due to the limited time window and the significant amount of knowledge required to successfully answer questions. The exam is administered over a three-and-a-half hour period, so test-takers should complete an average of one question every minute. This can cause feelings of anxiety among test-takers.
Another reason that individuals may have difficulty completing the exam requirement is that states require a specified minimum score in each area of the exam. This requires individuals to demonstrate knowledge in each area of the exam, rather than just on the overall exam.
To be successful on the exam, test-takers should be familiar with a wide variety of academic concepts relating to reading and language arts, mathematics, social studies, and science. It is especially important to understand academic terminology in order to properly understand questions. Reviewing the technical vocabulary of each area is a good starting point for studying.
Each question is worth the same number of points, so treat each question with equal care. Try to work difficult questions backwards: if you do not know the correct answer, eliminate obviously incorrect answers. This is one of the best ways to quickly raise a test score.
When taking the test, remember that many questions are asked. Pace yourself through the test and do not get discouraged if a few difficult questions arise. The goal is not a perfect score but a score of 200 or higher. Keeping a positive attitude before and during the exam is very important in success. In the words of Henry Ford, “whether you think that you can, or that you can’t, you are usually right.”
Concepts about print
conventions of print, purpose of print, function of print, print awareness, sight vocabulary, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, social interaction, frequent experiences, prior knowledge or schema, motivation, fluency
experiences that support emergent readers
direct instruction, social interaction, shared reading, repeated reading, reader response, word walls, text innovation, shared writing. READING, WRITING SPEAKING, AND LISTENTING
communication skills
Picture writing, scribble writing, random letter, invented spelling
spelling development
scribble, pre-phonemic, early phonemic, letter name (one vowel), transitional, derivational (decode but not spell), conventional
metaphor
Literary device compare 2 things WITHOUT like or as
Simile
Literary device compare 2 things using like or as
Hyperbole
Literary device exaggerated expression "mile high ice cream cone"
Oxymoron
Literary device two contradictory words "jumbo shrimp"
Euphemism
Literary device substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term "she passed on" instead "she's dead"
Dialect
variety of language confined to a geographical region or group of people "suck da 'eads and eat da tails"
Slang
informal vocab yo!
Jargon
terminology specific to to an occupation or hobby
Narration
Fiction Genre tells story
exposition
Fiction Genre gives background info
novel
Fiction Genre fictional narration in prose
epic
Fiction Genre long narrative with great scope
prose
Fiction Genre ordinary language
realistic fiction
Fiction Genre accurately reflects life as it has been lived in the past or present
fable
Fiction Genre has a moral and teaches a lesson
Myth
Fiction Genre ancient belief, traditional stories, gods, heroes
Arthurian legend
Fiction Genre English legend
folk tale
Fiction Genre traditional stories and legends transmitted orally from gen to gen
fairy tale
Fiction Genre imaginary children's story
allegory
Fiction Genre figures and actions are symbols of general truth. Story that has a deeper or more general meaning in addition to its surface meaning.
essay
non-fiction genre
Poem
must have a verse: language intentionally different from ordinary speech or prose.
iambic pentameter
Poetic element first syllable not stressed 2nd syllable is
onomatopoeia
Poetic element words that sound like they mean "splash"
alliteration
Poetic element repetition of similar consonant sounds in a sequence of words "Betty bought a bit of butter"
assonance
Poetic element rhyme with same vowel sounds with different consonants. fake and lake=rhyme where as fate and lake=assonance
Elegy
Poetic form morns loss of someone who has died or something that is deteriorated
Sonnet
Poetic form 14 line poem
Limerick
Poetic form Funny 5 line story
Haiku
Poetic form 3 lines with 5 syllables on line one 7 on line two and 5 on line three
resources
dictionary, encyclopedia=articles of general knowledge, thesaurus, atlas, almanac=statistical data, internet=not always valid, books, newspaper or magazine=recent, Professional journals=expert, primary source=firsthand diary, letter,or original document
compare and contrast
pattern of expository writing compares (alike) and contrasts (differ) two subjects
chronological sequence
pattern of expository writing cues: first, second, then, next, finally, specific dates or times
spatial sequence
pattern of expository writing geometrical or geographical arrangement of ideas. Up, down, left, right, top, bottom, under, over etc. Might give reader small view of situation or person and as it develops the reader learns more and more
cause and effect
pattern of expository writing describe event(s) and identifies or implies the causal factors
problem and solution
pattern of expository writing describes a problem and then a solution
Superlative adjectives
adjectives that ends with -est : greatest, smallest, best, most wonderful
comparative adjectives
adjectives that ends with with -er : greater, smaller, better, more wonderful
adverb
modifies the verb often ends in -ly bad= adjective where as badly=adverb
preposition
about, to, off, up, on account of
conjunction
words that join words coordinating conjunction- and, but or, nor, for correlative conjunction always in pairs - either...or, both... and subordinating conjunction adverb clause "When I do this, I do that"
Participial phrase
removing his coat, Jack...
pronoun-antecedent agreement
"I did my best" as opposed to "I did our best" the pronoun agrees with it's antecedent in number and gender
weak reference
"We spent the day aboard a fishing boat, but we didn't catch a single one." one refers to fish but it wasn't mentioned in the sentence.
Infinitives
"To wait for the bus is tiresome" should be "Waiting for the bus is tiresome"
context clues
information from the immediate sentence, paragraph or surrounding words that help reader determine the meaning of an unknown word
semantics
The study of meaning in language.
syntax
sentence structure, or grammar
decoding a word
organizing ideas and generating quesitons by using clues such as context, semantic, or syntax.
mercator map
latitude and longitude are straight, destorting continents
Robinson Map
distorts poles
azimuthal map
think desktop globe
Arab
Arabic language, 2/3 of world's oil reserves, Islamic religion, not all Muslim
Africa
56 countries, second largest continent
North Africa
during the Cold War between US and Soviet Union, many northern African states received aid from Soviet Union, south Africa and central Africa received aid from US and France.
Sub-Saharan Africa
located in Sahara desert
Apartheid
extreme racial segregation in Africa. Made it one of the most repressed nations during 1960-1980. In 1994 the first free election took place and Nelson Mandela became president with his party African National Congress
Latin America
free of colonial domination 1800's military governments rise 1950-1980 1980 and 1990's improvement of economy due to Cold war
Mexico
oligarchy= government ruled by a select few 31 states
United States
formed through Enlightenment ideals Declaration of Independence 1776
Central America
Strong ties with foreign nations due to export of goods. 66% mixed and 20% American Indian.
Western Europe
European Economic Community aka Common Market 1958 1972 Ireland joined and Denmark 1961 to form European Union
Eastern Europe
Warsaw Pact 1955: Bulgaria, Czech, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland Romania, and Soviet Union =disintegrated in 1991. Communism has been diminished greatly
East Asia
Post WWII modernization helped develop the nation
Japan
post WWII became unexpected powerhouse even though they lost the war, it became Asia's most powerful economy 1980=world's third most productive, income per capita among the world's highest and social services were top notched
Taiwan and South Korea
Both these societies were anticommunist, 1970's Taiwan began to truly democratize. South Korea remained authoritarian til 1989. Both have been US allies
North Korea
Post WWII Soviets and Americans divided the N and S Korea. North became communist. Kim Jong IL is a Stalinist. Economic collapse due to insistence to maintaining huge military and threaten mass starvation of its people. 2005 they announced they got nukes and they aren't talking to S Korea, China, US about disarming.
China
largest communist population in world. 1949-1976 Mao Tse Dong ruled 1958 Mao began "Great Leap Forward" caused rapid industrial buildup.eventually led to break down in industry. Famines resulted in 1959 and 1960 killing 15 million Chinese. 1978 Deng Xianoping takes over and growth happens
India
world's largest democracy and a nuclear power
earthquakes
form mountain ranges when plate techtonics collide
Grand Canyon
formed by glacial ice, snow, moving water, and wind erosion
yosemite valley
created by glaciers
great lakes
glaciers
population trends in US in 19th and 20th century
1619-1808, 500,000 African slaves 1780, 75% of US pop= English or Irish decent 1840-1860, famine in Europe + US 1845-1849, Irish potato famine+US 1848-1849 German Confederation Revolution+US 1861-1865 U.S. Civil War+recruits promised land for service about 20% soldiers were immigrants 1880-1925 waves of Jews + 2million to US prior to 1924 Asians were excluded 1943 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act repealed 1965 Limited Visas were granted. Pref on skilled labor 1990 all hemispheric quotas abolished and worldwide ceiling of 675,000 immigrants/year
Trosposphere
layer of atmospher closest to earth. where all the weather happens
stratosphere
layer of atmosphere where the Ozone layer is
Mesosophere
layer of the atmosphere that is the coldest -100 degrees celsius
thermosphere
highest layer of the atmosphere lower part called ionosphere has eletrically charged particles useful for transmitting radio waves upper part caled exosphere which extends into outer space
Spring Equinox
March 21st
Summer Solstice
June 21
Fall Equinox
September 22
Winter Solstice
December 21
biome
group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisims
man on the moon
1969 Neil Armstrong
Endoplasmic reticulum
part of cell where cell substances are made
Chromosomes
part of cell that are withing the nucleus that carry gen code
golgi bodies
part of cell that assemble, release, and store chemicals
ribosomes
part of cell that make protiens
cytoplasm
part of cell that is the substance which holds all other parts in suspension in cell
mitochondria
part of cell that is the powerhouse of cell energy stored and released
lyosomes
part of cell that eats waste materials
vacuoles
part of plant cell that store water
chloroplasts
part of cell plant that contains chlorophyll which traps sunlight for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis process
1) CO2 and H2O broken down 2) sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll 3) CHOH=sugar=carbohydrates formed as energy 4)O2is given off into air CO2+H20 --SUNLIGHT--> CHOH+O2
Weight
force of Earth's gravity which pulls down on an object. Mass does not change on the moon but weight does as the gravitational pull is different than that of Earth's
Density
amount of mass packed into a given unit of volume
viscosity
the property of a liquid which describes how it pours
pH scale
pH less than 7=acids lower the pH the stronger the acid pH greater than 7= base up to 14 the water has a pH of 7 which is neutral
Andes Mountain Tribe
Inca
Yucatain tribes
Maya, Toltec, Aztec
Erick Erikson
Neo-Freudian who expanded description of personality development in each stage in his psychosocial theory
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
Howard Gardner
devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
Federal Reserve Bank
one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region
Federal Trade Commission
Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigates complaints against companies
Securities and Exchange Commission
a governmental agency that was established in 1934 to protect investors in securities. It registers all securities, licenses brokers, hears complaints, and penalizes people or companies who dont follow the rules
Diffraction
the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening
Refraction
the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another (think dessert road)
Work =
force x distance
virus
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms with the ability to move independently
Morphological Analysis
analyzing the stream of speech to discover and inventory its morphemes
semantic relationships
may not express relational meanings expected for age
Syntactic structure
the phrase structure of a SENTENCE specified by PHRASE - STRUCTURE RULES.
phoneme-grapheme correspondence
the relationship between a phoneme and its graphemic representation /s/ spelled as s in sit, c in city, ss in grass
continental divide
mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of a continent
Fredinand Magellan
first to circumnavigate the world; named Pacific ocean
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Juan Ponce De Leon
Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"
Amerigo Vespucci
Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America
Vasco Da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Henry Hudson
English navigator who discovered the Hudson River
Articles of Confederation
this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1777 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
It has been concluded that children whose parents read to them show improved academic achievement. Recent research has shown that A) most parents stop reading to their children after age 9. B) children do not need constant reinforcement to become lifelong readers. C) there is little correlation between reading and parents' education attainment levels. D) reading skill only slightly correlates with socioeconomic status.
A) most parents stop reading to their children after age 9.
Which of the following is the LEAST effective method for improving reading comprehension? A) Activating background knowledge B) Having students predict what will happen next in a story C) Teaching the meaning of Greek and Latin prefixes D) Visualizing events within a story
C) Teaching the meaning of Greek and Latin prefixes