Tables as Supplementary material
Table 1 extended. Main volatiles detected in dough at maximum volume expansion. Whenever possible, mass peaks are associated to sum formulas. For flour types F1, F2, F3 and F4, and yeast starters Y1 and Y2 mean concentrations, standard deviations and coefficients of variation are reported. Statistically significant differences between experimental modes are established by means of one-way ANOVA (when p<0.05, the value is shown in italics) and Tukey’s post-hoc test and represented by means of superscript letter annotations.
Meas.Mass / Theor.Mass / Sum Formula / Flour Types / Yeasts / Tentative Identification / Ref.Concentration (ppb) / p-value / Concentration (ppb) / p-value
F1 / F2 / F3 / F4 / Y1 / Y2
Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V.
39.965 / 1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.1 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.195 / 1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.2 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0
40.027 / 8.8 / ± / 2.5 / 0.3 / 8.5 / ± / 1.7 / 0.2 / 8.9 / ± / 1.8 / 0.2 / 8.2 / ± / 2.2 / 0.3 / 0.575 / 9.3 / ± / 2.1 / 0.2 / 7.9 / ± / 1.8 / 0.2 / 0.001
40.972 / 56.4 / ± / 4.9 / 0.1 / 58.4 / ± / 3.1 / 0.1 / 58 / ± / 4.4 / 0.1 / 58.2 / ± / 4.7 / 0.1 / 0.402 / 54.6 / ± / 3.5 / 0.1 / 60.9 / ± / 2.3 / 0 / 0
41.039 / 41.039 / C3H5+ / 35.9 / ± / 10.5 / 0.3 / 33.4 / ± / 6.8 / 0.2 / 35.4 / ± / 7.3 / 0.2 / 32.4 / ± / 9.5 / 0.3 / 0.436 / 37.5 / ± / 8.7 / 0.2 / 31 / ± / 7.3 / 0.2 / 0 / alkylic fragment (diverse origin) / Makhoul et al. (2014)
42.01 / n.a. / non identified / 23.2 / ± / 6 / 0.3 / 22 / ± / 3.7 / 0.2 / 23.9 / ± / 4.9 / 0.2 / 22.2 / ± / 6.1 / 0.3 / 0.566 / 26.6 / ± / 4.4 / 0.2 / 19 / ± / 2.7 / 0.1 / 0
43.018 / 43.018 / C2H3O+ / 466.9 / ± / 64.5 / a / 0.1 / 467.9 / ± / 66.4 / a / 0.1 / 528.4 / ± / 72.7 / b / 0.1 / 484.6 / ± / 69 / ab / 0.1 / 0.007 / 462.1 / ± / 67.2 / 0.1 / 511.7 / ± / 67.9 / 0.1 / 0.001 / ester fragment / (Buhr et al. 2002)
43.055 / 43.054 / C3H7+ / 16.9 / ± / 4.6 / 0.3 / 16.4 / ± / 4 / 0.2 / 17.1 / ± / 3.5 / 0.2 / 16 / ± / 4.8 / 0.3 / 0.788 / 19 / ± / 4.3 / 0.2 / 14.2 / ± / 2.3 / 0.2 / 0 / alkylic fragment (diverse origin) / (Makhoul et al. 2014)
44.975 / 44.997 / CO2H+ / 4 / ± / 0.5 / 0.1 / 3.9 / ± / 0.7 / 0.2 / 4.2 / ± / 0.9 / 0.2 / 4 / ± / 0.6 / 0.2 / 0.311 / 3.6 / ± / 0.5 / 0.1 / 4.4 / ± / 0.7 / 0.2 / 0 / (Aprea et al. 2007)
45.033 / 45.033 / C2H5O+ / 8496.5 / ± / 1278.5 / 0.2 / 8399.1 / ± / 1612.3 / 0.2 / 9279 / ± / 1744.4 / 0.2 / 8533.1 / ± / 1356.8 / 0.2 / 0.166 / 7649 / ± / 1040.6 / 0.1 / 9704.9 / ± / 1213.4 / 0.1 / 0 / Acetaldehyde / (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
45.075 / n.a. / non identified / 6.1 / ± / 1.8 / b / 0.3 / 4.7 / ± / 0.8 / a / 0.2 / 5.3 / ± / 1.2 / ab / 0.2 / 4.9 / ± / 1.2 / a / 0.2 / 0.003 / 6.1 / ± / 1.4 / 0.2 / 4.4 / ± / 0.7 / 0.2 / 0
45.182 / n.a. / non identified / 14.2 / ± / 1.8 / 0.1 / 13.9 / ± / 2.3 / 0.2 / 15.3 / ± / 2.5 / 0.2 / 14.4 / ± / 1.9 / 0.1 / 0.167 / 12.9 / ± / 1.5 / 0.1 / 15.9 / ± / 1.6 / 0.1 / 0
47.049 / 47.049 / C2H7O+ / 635.1 / ± / 316.9 / 0.5 / 517 / ± / 179.5 / 0.3 / 615.2 / ± / 259.6 / 0.4 / 560.6 / ± / 309 / 0.6 / 0.428 / 797.7 / ± / 217.9 / 0.3 / 366.3 / ± / 80.9 / 0.2 / 0 / (Makhoul et al. 2014)
53.006 / n.a. / non identified / 2.1 / ± / 0.5 / 0.2 / 2 / ± / 0.4 / 0.2 / 2.2 / ± / 0.5 / 0.2 / 2 / ± / 0.6 / 0.3 / 0.669 / 2.3 / ± / 0.5 / 0.2 / 1.8 / ± / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0
57.07 / 57.07 / C4H9+ / 27.7 / ± / 9.4 / 0.3 / 24.9 / ± / 6.2 / 0.2 / 26.1 / ± / 6.3 / 0.2 / 22.8 / ± / 8 / 0.4 / 0.157 / 27.1 / ± / 7.6 / 0.3 / 23.6 / ± / 7.4 / 0.3 / 0.024 / fragment (butanal) / (Buhr et al. 2002)
61.029 / 61.028 / C2H5O2+ / 33.4 / ± / 20.7 / 0.6 / 33.5 / ± / 18.1 / 0.5 / 43.1 / ± / 23.1 / 0.5 / 37.7 / ± / 27.3 / 0.7 / 0.399 / 54.1 / ± / 19.8 / 0.4 / 19.7 / ± / 5.8 / 0.3 / 0 / Acetic acid / (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Kohn et al. 1960; Buhr et al. 2002)
63.008 / n.a. / non identified / 1.5 / ± / 1.3 / 0.9 / 0.9 / ± / 0.7 / 0.8 / 1.3 / ± / 0.9 / 0.7 / 1 / ± / 0.9 / 0.9 / 0.141 / 1.9 / ± / 0.9 / 0.5 / 0.4 / ± / 0.2 / 0.5 / 0
71.086 / 71.086 / C5H11+ / 5.4 / ± / 1.4 / 0.3 / 5.4 / ± / 1.1 / 0.2 / 5.8 / ± / 1.1 / 0.2 / 5.2 / ± / 1.4 / 0.3 / 0.535 / 5.9 / ± / 1.3 / 0.2 / 5 / ± / 1 / 0.2 / 0 / fragment (pentanol) / (Buhr et al. 2002; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Makhoul et al. 2014)
73.065 / 73.065 / C4H9O+ / 28.9 / ± / 6.6 / 0.2 / 30.1 / ± / 3.3 / 0.1 / 30.9 / ± / 3.7 / 0.1 / 29.9 / ± / 3.3 / 0.1 / 0.502 / 28.6 / ± / 4.7 / 0.2 / 31.4 / ± / 3.7 / 0.1 / 0.002 / n-butyraldehyde/methylpropanal / (Kohn et al. 1960; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Buhr et al. 2002; Makhoul et al. 2014)
75.027 / 75.026 / C3H7S+ / 1.1 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 1.2 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.2 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.81 / 1.1 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.2 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0 / (Aprea et al. 2007; Kohn et al. 1960; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Buhr et al. 2002)
89.06 / 89.06 / C4H9O2+ / 4.3 / ± / 2.5 / 0.6 / 4 / ± / 1.9 / 0.5 / 5.2 / ± / 2.6 / 0.5 / 4.4 / ± / 3 / 0.7 / 0.41 / 6.4 / ± / 2.2 / 0.3 / 2.6 / ± / 0.7 / 0.3 / 0 / 2-Methyl -propanoic acid/ethyl acetate / (Hansen and Hansen 1994a; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
Table 2 extended. Main volatiles detected in bread obtained with four different flour types and two different yeast starters. Whenever possible, mass peaks are associated to sum formulas. For the obtained bread samples, mean concentrations standard deviations and coefficients of variation are reported. Statistically significant differences between experimental modes are established by means of one-way ANOVA (when p<0.05, the value is shown in italics) and Tukey’s post-hoc test and represented by means of superscript letter annotations.
Meas.Mass / Theor.Mass / Sum Formula / Flour Types / Yeasts / Tentative Identification / Ref.Concentration (ppb) / p-value / Concentration (ppb) / p-value
F1 / F2 / F3 / F4 / Y1 / Y2
Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V. / Mean / S.D. / C.V.
41.038 / 41.039 / C3H5+ / 92.1 / ± / 26.1 / 0.3 / 87.1 / ± / 25.8 / 0.3 / 88.8 / ± / 23.7 / 0.3 / 104.1 / ± / 42.9 / 0.4 / 0.693 / 81.2 / ± / 17.4 / 0.2 / 105.9 / ± / 35.6 / 0.3 / 0.02 / alkylic fragment (diverse origin) / (Makhoul et al. 2014)
42.01 / n.a. / non identified / 4 / ± / 2.1 / 0.5 / 3.7 / ± / 2.2 / 0.6 / 3.1 / ± / 1.8 / 0.6 / 2.8 / ± / 1.6 / 0.6 / 0.574 / 4.1 / ± / 1.9 / 0.5 / 2.8 / ± / 1.7 / 0.6 / 0.061
42.043 / n.a. / non identified / 3.6 / ± / 1.3 / 0.4 / 3.4 / ± / 0.9 / 0.3 / 3.5 / ± / 1 / 0.3 / 4.1 / ± / 1.6 / 0.4 / 0.635 / 3.1 / ± / 0.7 / 0.2 / 4.2 / ± / 1.4 / 0.3 / 0.011
47.013 / 47.013 / CH3O2+ / 28.3 / ± / 5.4 / 0.2 / 37.9 / ± / 19 / 0.5 / 32.5 / ± / 11 / 0.3 / 27.2 / ± / 12.1 / 0.4 / 0.354 / 38.9 / ± / 13.9 / 0.4 / 23.5 / ± / 4.7 / 0.2 / 0 / (Makhoul et al. 2014)
51.94 / n.a. / non identified / 1.8 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.8 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.8 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.9 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.301 / 1.8 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.9 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.013
53.038 / n.a. / non identified / 1.9 / ± / 0.3 / 0.2 / 2.1 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 2.3 / ± / 0.6 / 0.3 / 2.5 / ± / 0.8 / 0.3 / 0.147 / 2 / ± / 0.3 / 0.2 / 2.5 / ± / 0.7 / 0.3 / 0.028
55.054 / 55.054 / C4H7+ / 18.8 / ± / 5.8 / 0.3 / 18.2 / ± / 6.8 / 0.4 / 22.8 / ± / 10.1 / 0.4 / 29 / ± / 15.3 / 0.5 / 0.154 / 17.3 / ± / 5.7 / 0.3 / 27.4 / ± / 12.3 / 0.4 / 0.006 / fragment (butenal) / (Buhr et al. 2002)
55.934 / n.a. / non identified / 5 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 5.1 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 5.2 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 5.3 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 0.231 / 5.1 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 5.3 / ± / 0.3 / 0.1 / 0.063
58.04 / n.a. / non identified / 2.9 / ± / 1 / 0.3 / 3.4 / ± / 1.5 / 0.4 / 4.4 / ± / 2.3 / 0.5 / 6.5 / ± / 4.7 / 0.7 / 0.074 / 2.9 / ± / 1.1 / 0.4 / 5.8 / ± / 3.6 / 0.6 / 0.005
59.049 / 59.049 / C3H7O+ / 104.6 / ± / 37.1 / 0.4 / 142.9 / ± / 51.1 / 0.4 / 125.3 / ± / 59.7 / 0.5 / 136.7 / ± / 64 / 0.5 / 0.512 / 136.5 / ± / 65.4 / 0.5 / 117.8 / ± / 35.7 / 0.3 / 0.339 / Acetone / (Kohn et al. 1960)
61.028 / 61.028 / C2H5O2+ / 244.3 / ± / 27.4 / 0.1 / 279 / ± / 45.2 / 0.2 / 329.2 / ± / 88.4 / 0.3 / 283 / ± / 65.7 / 0.2 / 0.079 / 272.4 / ± / 44.2 / 0.2 / 293.1 / ± / 80.7 / 0.3 / 0.379 / Acetic acid / (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Kohn et al. 1960)
67.055 / 67.054 / C5H7+ / 1.2 / ± / 0.5 / 0.4 / 1.2 / ± / 0.6 / 0.5 / 1.5 / ± / 0.7 / 0.5 / 2.1 / ± / 1.5 / 0.7 / 0.198 / 1.1 / ± / 0.5 / 0.5 / 1.9 / ± / 1.2 / 0.6 / 0.012 / fragment (pentenal) / (Buhr et al. 2002; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
69.07 / 69.07 / C5H9+ / 21.5 / ± / 11.6 / 0.5 / 22.1 / ± / 20.3 / 0.9 / 26.6 / ± / 14.1 / 0.5 / 25.5 / ± / 13.4 / 0.5 / 0.891 / 17.1 / ± / 11 / 0.6 / 31.1 / ± / 14.9 / 0.5 / 0.006 / fragment (pentanal) / (Buhr et al. 2002; Makhoul et al. 2014)
71.049 / 71.049 / C4H7O+ / 142.3 / ± / 33.2 / b / 0.2 / 122.8 / ± / 15.4 / b / 0.1 / 110.1 / ± / 13.1 / ab / 0.1 / 88.5 / ± / 23 / a / 0.3 / 0.001 / 122.8 / ± / 24.6 / 0.2 / 109 / ± / 33.6 / 0.3 / 0.197 / butenal / (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
73.065 / 73.065 / C4H9O+ / 213.8 / ± / 70.3 / 0.3 / 201.7 / ± / 76.8 / 0.4 / 230.4 / ± / 105.3 / 0.5 / 252.7 / ± / 107.3 / 0.4 / 0.705 / 181.7 / ± / 69.6 / 0.4 / 270 / ± / 85.2 / 0.3 / 0.004 / n-butyraldehyde/methylpropanal / (Kohn et al. 1960) (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
81.069 / 81.07 / C6H9+ / 1.3 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 1.3 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 1.4 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.2 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.154 / 1.2 / ± / 0.1 / 0.1 / 1.3 / ± / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.02 / fragment (hexenal) / (Buhr et al. 2002; Aprea et al. 2007)
83.086 / 83.086 / C6H11+ / 1.8 / ± / 0.5 / a / 0.3 / 1.5 / ± / 0.5 / a / 0.3 / 2.9 / ± / 1.1 / b / 0.4 / 2.3 / ± / 0.6 / ab / 0.3 / 0.002 / 2.1 / ± / 0.7 / 0.3 / 2.1 / ± / 1 / 0.5 / 0.966 / hexanol fragment / (Buhr et al. 2002)
85.065 / n.a. / C5H9O+ / 1.9 / ± / 0.5 / 0.3 / 2.1 / ± / 0.7 / 0.3 / 2.1 / ± / 0.6 / 0.3 / 2.1 / ± / 0.6 / 0.3 / 0.947 / 2.3 / ± / 0.7 / 0.3 / 1.8 / ± / 0.4 / 0.2 / 0.041 / Cyclopentanone/ 3-Penten-2-one/ 2-Pentenal/ 2,3-Dihydro-4H-pyran / (Aprea et al. 2007)
87.081 / 87.08 / C5H11O+ / 20.2 / ± / 12.4 / 0.6 / 21.2 / ± / 17.5 / 0.8 / 29 / ± / 19.7 / 0.7 / 49.6 / ± / 45 / 0.9 / 0.132 / 16.2 / ± / 10.7 / 0.7 / 44.8 / ± / 33.9 / 0.8 / 0.003 / isovaleraldehyde/2-,methylbutanal/pentanal / (Kohn et al. 1960; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012; Schieberle and Grosch 1985)
89.06 / 89.06 / C4H9O2+ / 200 / ± / 46.5 / b / 0.2 / 172.7 / ± / 19.2 / b / 0.1 / 157 / ± / 18.3 / ab / 0.1 / 126.2 / ± / 35.4 / a / 0.3 / 0.001 / 176.3 / ± / 33.1 / 0.2 / 151.3 / ± / 46.3 / 0.3 / 0.094 / 2-Methyl -propanoic acid/ethyl acetate / (Hansen and Hansen 1994b; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)
103.076 / 103.075 / C5H11O2+ / 5.5 / ± / 2.1 / 0.4 / 4.8 / ± / 2.1 / 0.4 / 5.8 / ± / 1.4 / 0.2 / 5.9 / ± / 2.4 / 0.4 / 0.765 / 6.8 / ± / 1.6 / 0.2 / 4.1 / ± / 1.4 / 0.3 / 0 / 2-Methyl-butanoic acid /pentanoic acid/ethylpropionate / (Annan et al. 2003; Paraskevopoulou et al. 2012)