Table S4. Covariate adjustment approaches in studies that did not conduct mediation analysis1

Primary exposure(s) / Maternal, paternal RFs / Birth / Infant/Childhood / Adjustment approach/notes / Adjustment results
Fairley 2013 / Ethnicity / ~Prenatal smoking
~Maternal height / ~GA
Stratified by sex
Exclude: >singleton / Successive models with adjustment for additional confounders / Adjusted associations were similar to adjusted
Taveras2010 / Race/ethnicity / ~Maternal age, parity
~Maternal education
~Household income
~Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI
~Paternal BMI
Exclude: Asian, multiethnic / ~Sex / Successive models with adjustment for additional blocks of confounders / Slight attenuation in models containing additional confounders
Bulk-Bunschoten 2002 / Multiple RFs / *Maternal education
*Maternal native language
*Maternal age, parity / *BW, GA / *Feeding practice: exclusive, complementary, formula at 17w; interrupted exclusive, interrupted complimentary / Fit model with and without feeding / Associations with education slightly attenuated; associations with native language were similar
Semmler 2009 / SES / SES*Parental weight status interaction / ~gender
~zygosity / ~age at follow-up / Hypothesis related to gene-environment interaction / Low SES was more strongly predictive of greater BMI gains among children with obese parents
Reeske 2013 / Migrant background (parent’s country of birth) / *Parental SES
*Maternal age
*Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, GDM
*Prenatal smoking
*Parental height / *BW, birth length, GA
Exclude: SGA, LGA / *Breastfeeding duration / Risk factors noted as factors that potentially underlie migrant/ethnicity differences in growth
Regression models adjusted for all risk factors with p≤0.15 / -NA-
Seed 2000 / Ethnicity / *Maternal height, weight, age, marital status, parity
*Paternal support
*Father’s social class
*Prenatal smoking
*Prenatal alcohol / *Multiple birth
Exclude: non-LBW
Stratified by preterm status / Risk factors noted as factors that potentially underlie migrant/ethnicity differences in growth
Regression models adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Demment 2014 / Family income trajectory (2-15yrs) / ~Maternal overweight/obesity (early pregnancy)
~GWG / Exclude: preterm / ~Rapid weight gain trajectory (birth-2 years) / PROCESS evaluated mediation in any of the modeled pathways / -NA-
Jones-Smith 2014 / SES / ~Maternal age
~Household structure
SES*Race/ethnicity*age (main effects and interactions) / ~Sex
Exclude: very LBW, preterm / Final model adjusted for all confounders / -NA-
Roy 2015 / Race / ~Medicaid status
~Poverty prevalence
~Maternal GDM
~Maternal smoking / ~Sex
~BW
Exclude: failure to thrive diagnosis, preterm / ~>+90th percentile of weight checks (additional control for failure to thrive) / Final model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Griffiths 2010 / Multiple RFs / *Race/ethnicity
*Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight
*Maternal, paternal overweight at child age 3 years
*Prenatal smoking / *Child BMI at 3y
*# children living in HH
*Smoking in same room as child / Model adjusted for all risk factors that were significant (forward step-wise variable selection) / -NA-
Karaolis-Danckert 2008 / Multiple RFs / *Maternal education
*Maternal overweight
*Maternal age (≥ 35y at birth), parity
*Prenatal smoking
*Maternal smoking 1.5 yr post-birth / *Sex
*Preterm or post-term
*Season of birth
*Allergy
*BF% or BMI-SDS at birth
Exclude: >Singleton, LBW, SGA, LGA, major health conditions / *Bottle feeding / Full model adjusted for all significant risk factors / -NA-
Li 2004
Height SDS (7y – 33y) / Multiple RFs / *Social class
*Parental height (genetic potential)
*Prenatal smoking / *BW / *Breastfeeding
*Family size
*household crowding
*parental separation/divorce
(diet, infections, sleep disturbance due to overcrowding) / Ran models adjusted for different sets of variables, but not to test for mediation / -NA-
Li 2007 / Multiple RFs / *Maternal race
*Maternal education
*Family income
*Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG
*Prenatal smoking
*Prenatal alcohol use
*Maternal age
Exclude: maternal diabetes, high blood pressure during pregnancy / *GA, BW
*Sex
*Birth order
Exclude: preterm, LBW, HBW / *Breastfeeding duration / Full model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Mamun 2005 / Multiple RFs / *Parental education
*Family income
*Parental BMI
*Maternal depression
~Racial origin / *BW, GA
Exclude: >singleton / *Rate of weight gain (birth-6 months)
*Breastfeeding duration
*Childhood mental health / Full model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Pryor 2011 / Multiple RFs / *Insufficient household income
*Maternal education
*Family functioning
*Prenatal smoking
*Maternal BMI / *GA, BW
*Sex
Exclude: >singleton / *Early child weight gain / Model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Van Rossem 2014 / Multiple RFs / *Maternal education
*Parental ethnicity
*Prenatal smoking
*Maternal overweight
*Paternal overweight / *BW
*Sex
~GA / *Breastfeeding duration / Model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Wen 2012 / Primary aim: develop trajectory method
Secondary: Multiple RFs / *Race/ethnicity
*Medicaid status / *Sex
*Year of birth (1985-89, 1990-94)
~BW z-score / Model adjusted for all risk factors / -NA-
Howe 2012 / Maternal education / Minimal covariates (measurement indicator) / -NA-
Johnson 2012 / Ethnicity / Stratified by sex, ethnicity
Exclude: >singleton, preterm / Crude analysis / -NA-
Murasko 2014 / Income / Stratify by sex and race/ethnicity / Crude analysis / -NA-
Saha 2005 / Race / Exclude: History of renal or cardiac disease, hyper-tension, or diabetes / Stratify by sex and race / Crude analysis / -NA-
Wright 2004 / Social class [1947 cohort] / Exclude: non-twins / Crude analysis / -NA-
Lawson 2008 / Number of siblings / ~Father presence
~Maternal age
~Maternal education
~Income
~Home ownership
~Financial difficulty
~Maternal height
Exclude: living w/ non-biological parent, ab-sent mother / ~Sex
~Ethnicity
Exclude: >Singleton, infant dying or death, sibling death / Full model adjusted for all risk factors with p<0.05 (listed) / -NA-
May 2013 / Birth weight / ~Hispanic ethnicity
~Income / BW
~sex
Exclude: preterm, congenital/developmental disorders, evidence of inappropriate feeding practices / ~Formula-fed
~Age at baseline visit / Not applicable, SES/ethnicity was not primary exposure of interest / -NA-
Crume 2011 / GDM / GDM
~Pre-pregnancy BMI
~Maternal age
~Race/ethnicity
~Household income
~Maternal education / ~GA
~Sex
Exclude: >singleton, SGA / Not applicable, SES/ethnicity was not primary exposure of interest / -NA-
Leffelaar 2010 / Maternal Vitamin D Status / Vitamin D status
~Maternal height
~Maternal parity
~Maternal age
~Smoking
~Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI
~Maternal education / ~GA
~Sex
Exclude: preterm, singleton / ~Exclusive breastfeeding duration / Not applicable, SES was not primary exposure of interest / -NA-

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; BW, birth weight; GA, gestational age at birth; GDM, Gestational Diabetes

1Among 35 studies in literature review. Studies in review that did conduct mediation analysis are reported in Table 3.Papers are grouped by adjustment approach, then alphabetically by author.

*Examined multiple risk factors simultaneously ~Control variables