Table S2: Study Results

Table S2: Study Results

Physical Activity

Study / Sample Size / Outcomes / Results / Significance / p-value /
Abu-Moghli et al., 2010 / n=160 / 1. Physical activity (PA)
a. Score out of eight on self-administered behaviour questionnaire / Mean±SD
(Intervention[I]; Control[C])
Baseline/ Post-intervention
1a. [I] 2.08±0.48/ 2.30±0.59
[C] 2.02±0.64/ 2.02±0.63
Observed power = 0.05 / No significant difference between [I] and [C] at the completion of the study for physical activity. / 1.a. p=0.99
Afifi Soweid et al., 2003 / n=32 / 1. Fitness / Mean
Pre-test/Post-test
1. 2.82/3.14
Difference = 0.32
% change pre to post = 11.3% / No significance reported / 1. NR
Alpar et al., 2008* / n=70 / 1. Health promotion lifestyle profile’ (HPLP) developed by Pender et al. (1987).
a. Exercise / Mean (SD)
Entrance to school/Graduation
1a. 10.40 (2.37)/ 12.14 (2.42) / Significant differences to total HPLP and subscale scores (exercise) between when they entering and finishing the nursing program. / 1.a. p=0.000
Bowden et al., 2007 / n=108 / 1. Physical activity
a. Comparison of average minutes of physical activity per week between four intervention groups / Mean±SD
(Intervention 1[I1]; Intervention 2[I2];
Intervention 3[I3]; Intervention 4[I4])
Baseline/Post-intervention (Average minutes/week)
1a. [I1] 129.87±106.13; [I2] 133.37±78.23;
[I3] 133.44±94.34; [I4] 122.70±74.64 / No significant difference between [I] groups for physical activity (p=0.632). / 1.a. p=0.632
Boyle et al., 2011* / 1.  n=225 / 2.  1.Total Physical Activity
3.  2. Energy Expenditure
4.  3. VO2 max
5.  4. Flexibility
6.  5. RMCP (lbs)
7.  6. RMLP (lbs)
RMCP = Rep Max Chest Press
RMLP = Rep Max Leg Press / Mean(SD)
(Control[C]; Treatment [T])
Pre-test/Post-test
Women –
1. [C] 251.19(3.09)/147.91(2.40);
[T] 199.53(2.75)/194.98(2.34)
2. [C] 2.69(3.24)/1.55(2.45); [T] 2.29(3.02)/2.04(2.51)
3. [C] 36.69(5.03)/37.14(4.45); [T] 37.33(5.20)/38.08(4.81)
4. [C] 12.92(3.53)/1308(2.96); [T] 12.64(3.04)/13.73(2.22)
5. [C] 66.65(17.00)/82.19(31.07);
[T]73.52(26.73)/81.81(19.92)
6. [C] 216.03(62.42)/243.51(67.11);
[T] 233.74(73.30)/260.89(77.37)
Men –
1. [C] 208.93(2.40)/181.97(2.95);
[T] 169.82(3.09)/223.87(2.51)
2. [C] 2.57(2.45)/2.09(2.95); [T] 2.00(3.24)/2.69(2.57)
3. [C] 41.50(4.68)/42.25(4.65); [T] 41.38(6.29)/44.13(8.44)
4. [C] 11.73(1.71)/11.51(2.50 ; [T] 10.94(2.60)/12.09(2.52)
5. [C] 192.31(52.07)/224.27(74.97);
[T] 210.65(73.71)/231.05(69.77)
6. [C] 367.39(99.53)/389.13(125.06);
[T] 453.50(97.26)/487.51(88.13) / Women in the treatment group had significantly smaller PA reduction / 1. p<0.05
Buscemi et al., 2012 / n=70 / 1. Vigorous physical activity
2. Moderate physical activity / Mean(SD)
Baseline BMI / Follow-up BMI
d
Group 1 –
1. 75.88(119.28)/68.97(97.71) 0.07
2. 90.21(147.27)/69.62(79.11) 0.17
Group 2 –
1. 70.88(127.12)/74.87(194.50) -0.02
2. 114.14(159.46)/66.0(93.67) 0.37 / No significance. / 1. p>0.05
2. p>0.05
Cardinal et al., 2002* / n=540 / 1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
Lifetime Fitness for Health (LFH) / Mean±SD
(LFH[L]; Prior LFH[P]; No LFH[N])
Baseline/Post-intervention
1. [L] 11.9±17.2/21.5±21.4; [P] 31.5±0/19.0±0;
[N] 7.0±2.8/14.5±13.4.
2. [L] 26.3±16.3/39.0±25.8; [P] 31.6±0/19.0±0;
[N] 9.0±5.7/14.0±1.4.
3. [L] 22.8±14.6/35.9±23.5; [P] 27.0±17.2/43.2±44.6;
[N] 23.0±14.4/42.9±27.2.
4. [L] 44.4±19.3/51.2±19.9; [P] 39.1±16.5/41.6±19.2;
[N] 51.3±23.6/42.1±23.4
5. [L] 54.5±23.2/58.9±27.2; [P] 58.8±28.3/55.6±21.7;
[N] 48.4±23.2/51.4±24.2 / Exercise METS showed significant change for 16 of the 20 contrast measured.
Significant two-way interaction between stage and time.
Significant differences across groups for stage of change behaviour from pre- to post-intervention / p<0.05
p<0.001
p<0.05
Cavallo et al., 2012* / n=134 / 1. Physical Activity
a. Total kcal
b. Heavy kcal
c. Moderate kcal
d. Light kcal / Mean(SD)
(Intervention[I]; Control[C])
Baseline/Post-test survey
Group time interaction effect/Time effect
1.a. [C]: 1706.23(1315.44)/2248.98(1541.19)
[I]: 1646.39(973.68)/2394.75(1448.00)
1.57/12.13
b. [C]: 155.97(347.70)/378.23(731.36)
[I]: 151.79(333.57)/298.21(575.32)
0.35/9.19
c. [C]: 166.69(343.15)/272.78(604.52)
[I]: 81.03(215.81)/253.79(646.08)
0.26/6.80
d. [C]: 25.89(72.60)/61.69(134.95)
[I]: 76.79(177.79)/81.25(182.55)
0.69/2.54 / NR / Group time interaction effect/Time effect
1.a. p=0.52/
p<0.000
b. p=0.55/
p=0.003
c. p=0.61/ p=0.01
d. p=0.41/ p=0.11
Claxton & Wells, 2009 / n=582 / 1. Moderate Activity
2. Vigorous Activity
3. Muscular Strength/Endurance Activity
4. Flexibility Activity
5. Weight Management Activity / Mean(SD)
(PA Homework[I]; No PA Homework [C])
Pre-test/Post-test
Change Mean (SD) – [I];[C]
1. [I]: 2.31(1.75)/3.11(1.67); [C]: 2.36(1.82)/2.82(1.60)
0.73(1.88); 0.47(1.85)
2. [I]: 1.79(1.86)/2.19(1.73); [C]: 1.95(2.02)/2.19(1.82)
0.42(1.60); 0.23(1.82)
3. [I]: 1.68(1.92)/2.10(1.90); [C]: 1.82(1.88)/1.97(1.84)
0.46(1.80); 0.15(1.86)
4. [I]: 1.54(1.94)/1.78(1.93); [C]: 1.70(2.82)/1.90(1.89)
0.28(2.03); 0.19(1.87)
5. [I]: 1.69(1.98)/2.17(2.10); [C]: 2.20(2.25)/2.19(1.98)
0.53(2.28); 0.07(2.28) / Number of days in which the PA homework group engaged in physical activity to manage or lose weight / 5. p=.0293
Fischer & Bryant, 2008* / n=449 / 1. Cognitive POC
2. Behavioral POC
3. Decisional Balance
4. Coping self- efficacy (SE)
5. Scheduling SE
6. Task SE / Mean(SD)
Experimental Group[E]; Control Group[C]
T1/T2 Effect Size
1. [E]: 69.42(9.23)/67.61(8.89) 0.20
[C]: 65.71(12.86)/59.16(13.70) 0.53
2. [E]: 71.00(8.96)/67.45(8.23) 0.43
[C]: 70.55(12.51)/63.42(12.20) 0.81
3. [E]: 1.84(0.94)/1.71(0.90) 0.13
[C]: 2.27(1.04)/1.77(0.90) 0.60
4. [E]: 6.74(1.92)/6.35(1.89) 0.21
[C]: 6.88(1.62)/6.30(2.16) 0.35
5. [E]: 7.01(2.14)/6.49(2.23) 0.27
[C]: 7.25(1.86)/6.10(2.59) 0.57
6. [E]: 8.25(1.12)/8.08(1.52) 0.14
[C]: 8.40(1.18)/8.35(1.24) 0.03 / Control group demonstrated a significant regression in state of exercise change scores & experimental did not / Experimental group:
1. p=0.272
2. p=0.25
3. p=0.461
4. p=0.252
5. p=0.145
6. p= 0.454
Control group:
1. p=0.006
2. p=0.000
3. p=0.002
4. p=0.059
5. p=0.004
6. p=0.863
Gieck & Olsen, 2007 / n=41 / Physical wellness / Mean(SD)
(Knowledge[K]; Self-efficacy[SE])
Pre-test/Post-test
[K]: 51.17(5.9)/73.29(2.2); [SE]: 35.47(9.84)/45.12(3.2) / No significant group differences / 1. p=.07
Gow et al., 2010 / n=170 / 1. Questionnaires
a. International physical activity questionnaire
i. total
ii. walk
iii. moderate
iv. vigorous / Mean±SD
(Intervention 1[I1]; Intervention 2[I2]; Intervention 3[I3]; Control[C])
Baseline/Post
2.a.i [I1] 2782±2845/4119±563; [I2] 4725±56/3059±541; [I3] 4678±6041/5005±576; [C] 3289±3108/ 4304±560
2.a.ii [I1] 937±675/2203±466; [I2] 2278±3414/1377±446; [I3] 2258±3371/2588±475; [C] 1382±1718/ 2145±461
2.a.iii [I1] 620±1812/914±233; [I2] 828±1315/ 899.30±227; [I3] 629±1302/1128±233;
[C] 505±1033/772±230
2.a.iv [I1] 1037±1468/939±229; [I2] 2786±4407/909±223; [I3] 1942±3236/1479±229; [C] 1138±1305/ 1270±226 / NR / NR
Grim, Hortz & Petosa, 2011* / n=233 / 1. Vigorous physical activity days
2. Moderate physical activity days
3. Self-regulation
4. Friend social support
5. Self-efficacy
6. Outcome expectancy value / Mean(SD)
(Web[W]; Physical Activity [PA]; Health[H])
Pre-test /Post-test
1. [W]: 1.39(1.79)/2.21(1.58);
[PA]: 1.39(2.03)/2.36(1.84); [H]: 0.59(1.17)/0.39(0.61)
2. [W]: 2.77(2.08)/3.84(3.89);
[PA]:4.65(2.26)/3.53(2.03); [H]:2.77(4.09)/2.28(2.19)
3. [W]: 121.6(29.6)/171.5(26.0);
[PA]: 118.6(24.5)/155.6(25.5);
[H]:105.0(37.7)/123.2(39.9)
4. [W]: 28.7(10.0)/32.2(11.4);
[PA]: 29.7(9.2)/31.1(10.0); [H]: 26.4(9.8)/27.9(11.2)
5. [W]: 918.7(244.5)/968.8(210.4);
[PA]: 982.7(231.9)/982.4(243.5); [H]: 827.9(305.0)
6. [W]: 699.9(223.9)/722.8(221.4)
[PA]:725.4(207.0)/749.7(219.2);
[H]: 605.8(193.1)/643.7(225.4) / Outcomes 1 (VigPA), 3 (SR) and 6 (OExV) all changed significantly in the web-based and PA course groups. / 1. p<.01
3. p<.01
6. p<.01
Hager et al., 2012* / n=2971 / 1. Physical activity outcomes (self-report)
a. Number of days performing moderate physical activity
(scale of 1-7)
b. Number of minutes per day performing moderate physical activity (Scale of 1-4; 10, 20, 30 >30 mins)
c. Number of days performing vigorous physical activity
(scale of 1-7)
d. Number of minutes per week performing vigorous physical activity (Scale of 1-4; 10, 20, 30 >30 mins)
e. Overall activity
(scale of 1-10)
f. Estimated VO2 max / Mean±SD
(Intervention 1[I1] lecture; Intervention 2[I2] online)
Change (%) – [I1]; [I2]
1a. [I1] 4.8±1.5/ 5.1±1.3; [I2] 5.0±1.5/ 5.1±1.4 0.3; 2
1b. [I1] 2.6±1.0/ 2.8±1.0; [I2] 2.6±1.0/ 2.8±1.0 7.7; 7.7
1c. [I1] 3.0±1.5/ 3.1±1.3; [I2] 3.2±1.5/ 3.1±1.5 3.3;-3.1
1d. [I1] 3.0±1.0/ 2.9±1.0; [I2] 3.1±1.0/ 3.0±1.0 -3.3; -3.2
1e. [I1] 5.1±2.2/ 5.8±1.9; [I2] 5.1±2.3/ 5.6±2.0 13.7; 9.8
1f. [I1] 46.9±7.2/ 48.0±6.7; [I2] 46.1±7.3/ 47.0±6.9 2.3; 2.0 / Significant increase in overall PA, daily minutes of moderate PA and number of days participating in days participating in at least 10 minutes of moderate PA. VO2max also increased significantly. / 1.a. p<0.001
1.c. p=0.001
1.e. p<0.001
1.f. p=0.002
Huang et al., 2009* / n=149 / 1. Physical Activity
2. Knowledge of fitness
3. Benefit of exercise
4. Barriers to exercise
5. Self-efficacy / Mean(SD)
Stage-matched[S]; Generic[G]; Control[C]
Pre-test/Post-test/Delayed Post-test
1. [S] 578.27(562.42)/540.06(826.83)/ 920.10(1092.88)
[G] 840.96(745.95)/ 634.84(575.87)/ 442.72(491.16
[C] 1274.26(850.21)/1172.33(661.62)/669.17(672.46)
2. [S] 12.90(1.33)/12.83(1.63)/13.02(1.45)
[G] 12.94(1.49)/13.23(1.48)/13.09(1.55)
[C] 13.00(1.41)/13.11(1.72)/12.26(2.02)
3. [S] 42.36(5.47)/40.96(6.85)/41.43(5.88)
[G] 42.10(6.95)/ 40.22(8.19)/ 40.47(5.75)
[C] 42.04(6.99)/41.48(7.06)/41.36(5.52)
4. [S] 47.45(9.71)/46.85(11.09)/ 45.02(9.85)
[G] 47.82(8.57)/ 45.06(10.00)/ 46.53(10.74)
[C] 48.00(9.33)/ 46.72(9.90)/ 50.48(10.28)
5. [S] 41.76(12.94)/42.70(11.29)/43.02(12.35)
[G] 42.04(13.71)/ 40.43(11.31)/40.55(11.74)/
[C] 46.47(12.27)/45.46(9.39)/41.89(11.85) / Significantly higher level of exercise SE in stage matched group compared with other two / 5. p=0.002
Ince et al., 2008* / n=62 / 1. Health promoting behaviour (self-report; completion of adolescent health promotion scale)
a. Exercise behaviour
2. Physical activity outcome (MET-MIN/wk)
a. Walking
b. Moderate physical activity
c. Vigorous physical activity
d. Total physical activity / Mean±SD
Baseline/ Post-intervention
1a. 10.5±4.1/ 14.1±2.8
Mean[Median]
Baseline/ Post-intervention
2a. 929.2[693.0]/ 996.1[693.0]
2b. 250.9[120.0]/ 318.6[240.0]
2c. 521.4[0.0]/ 1393.5[960.0]
2d. 1701.5[1447.5]/ 2708.2[2026.0] / Significant changes from baseline to post-intervention for all outcomes except walking. / 1.a. p=0.001
2.b. p=0.01
2.c. p=0.001
2.d. p=0.001
Lachausse, 2012* / n=320 / 1. Aerobic exercise
a. Change in frequency/week of aerobic exercise
2. Attitude toward exercise
a. Change in attitude toward exercise
3. Self-efficacy
a. Self-efficacy to perform exercise / Mean±SD
(Intervention 1[I1] online course; Intervention 2[I2] on-campus course; Comparison group[C])
Baseline/ Post-intervention
1a. [I1] 3.17±1.55/ 3.48±1.73; [I2] 3.46±1.77/ 3.49±1.72;
[C] 3.42±1.79/ 3.35±1.76
2a. [I1] 5.87±0.88/ 6.10±0.77; [I2] 5.98±0.89/ 6.04±0.84;
[C] 5.95±0.89/ 5.90±0.89
3a. [I1] 46.74±20.18/ 48.57±21.56
[I2] 46.1±20.66/ 42.98±19.36;
[C] 44.63±19.36/ 46.54±19.36 / [I1] significantly increased exercise overtime but [I2] and [C] did not.
There were no other significant differences. / 1.a. p=0.001
p>0.05
LeCheminant et al., 2011 / n=46 / 1. VO2max(ml.kg-1.min-1)
2. Treadmill Time (min)
3. RPEmax
4. Heart Rate max (bpm) / Mean±SD
(Control[C]; Pedometer [P])
September/April/change
Change±SD
1. [C]: 40.7±9.0/ 40.3±8.4/ -0.9±4.0
-0.9±4.0 0.17±3.8
2. [C]: 11.1±3.2/ 10.7±2.7/ -0.5±1.5 -0.5±1.5
[P]: 12.9±2.2/ 12.5±2.4/ -0.3±1.2 -0.3±1.2
3. [C]: 18.9±1.2/ 18±1.8/ -0.8±1.3 -0.8±1.3
[P]: 18.2±1.4/ 17.7±2.2/ -0.4±1.7 -0.4±1.7
4. [C]: 191.9±8.2/ 187.9±13.2/ -4.5±13.11
-4.5±13.11
[P]: 195.3±9.8/ 193.3±8.6/ -2.0±5.2 -2.0±5.2 / No significance / 1. p>.05
2. p>.05
3. p>.05
4. p>.05
Magoc et al., 2011* / n=117 / 1. Physical Activity
a. Moderate Days
b. Moderate Minutes
c. Vigorous Days
d. Vigorous Minutes
2. SCT Constructs
a. Self-efficacy
b. Goals
c. Plans
d. Expectancies
e. Family Social Support
f. Friends’ Social Support / Mean(SD)
Pretest/Posttest
1a. 1.57 (1.82) 2.59 (2.14)
1b. 4.87 (2.96) 6.00 (2.60)
1c. 1.80 (1.66) 2.15 (1.61)
1d. 5.62 (3.64) 5.75 (2.77)
2a. 18.22 (3.94) 17.70 (4.20)
2b. 15.04 (5.02) 16.14 (5.45)
2c. 12.45 (3.82) 13.17 (3.88)
2d. 48.07 (15.80) 53.23 (14.95)
2e. 10.68 (5.47) 11.60 (5.79)
2f. 12.42 (5.61) 12.80 (5.90) / Vigorous days in treatment group by time interaction / 1.c. p <.001
Martens et al., 2012* / n=70 / 1. Days Per Week of Vigorous Physical Activity
2. Days Per Week of Moderate Physical Activity
3. Minutes Per Week of Vigorous Physical Activity
4. Minutes Per Week of Moderate Physical Activity / Mean
(Motivational Interviewing[MI]; Control[C])
Baseline/Follow-Up
1. [M]: 0.5/1.75; [C]: 0.1/0.75
2. [M]: 2.5/2.75; [C]: 1.1/1.9
3. [M]: 19/65; [C]: 10/19
4. [M]: 50/80; [C]: 22/40 / Statistically significant differences between mean vigorous (1) and mean moderate (2) PA days/week at baseline (MI group higher) / 1. p<.05
2. p<.05
McClary King et al., 2013* / n=31 / 1. Exercise barriers
2. Sedentary behaviour
3. Perceived health benefits / Mean
(On-campus[ON]; Off-campus[OFF]; Combined[C])
Pre-intervention/Post-intervention
1. [ON]: 22.75/19.50; [OFF]: NR/23.39
2. [C]: 184.79/326.86
3. [C]: 31.57/66.31 / 1. Significant interaction effects
of the intervention and residency.
1. Post-intervention, trainees living [ON] perceived significantly fewer exercise barriers compared with trainees living [OFF] / 1. p<0.01
1[ON]. p<0.05
Pearman et al., 1997 / n=979 / 1. Physical activity behaviours (mean score out of 5; 1=rarely or never, 5=more than once/week)
a. Active sports
b. Physical exercise
c. Jogging/running
d. Swimming/walks
e. Garden, fish, hunt / Mean
Intervention[I] College A (health course); Control [C] College B (no health course)
Post-intervention
1.a [I] 2.9; [C] 2.9
1.b [I] 4.1; [C] 4.0
1.c [I] 2.9; [C] 2.5
1.d [I] 3.5; [C] 3.4
1.e [I] 2.2; [C] 2.4 / Significant difference between groups for jogging/running. [I] more likely to jog/run than [C].
Significant difference between groups for gardening, fishing, and hunting. [C] more likely garden, fish or hunt than [I].
Men were more likely to participate in active sports and running and women more likely to participate in swimming or take long walks (p<0.01). / 1.c. p<0.01
1.e. p<0.01
Men: p<0.01
Women: p<0.01
Sallis et al., 1999* / n=338 / 1. Total physical activity in leisure time (kcal.kg.week)
2. Vigorous activity in leisure time (hour/week)
3. Moderate activity in leisure time (hour/week)
4. Strengthening exercise (min/week)
5. Flexibility (min/week) / Mean(SD)
Men[M]; Women[W]
Condition x time/Activity status x time/Condition x activity status x time
1. [M]: 0.03(0.87)/0.03(.58)/0.90(.34)
[W]: 4.59(.03)/0.85(.36)/3.76(.05)
2. [M]: 0.03(.87)/0.03(.87)/1.14(.29)
[W]: 1.87(.17)/0.98(.32)/0.34(.56)
3. [M]: 0.86(.36)/0.01(.92)/0.47(.50)
[W]: 1.59(.21)/0.53(.47)/0.17(.68)
4. [M]: 1.10(.32)/8.95(.001)/0.30(.58)
[W]: 26.03(.001)/2.90(.09)/3.28(.07)
5. [M]: 0.72(.40)/0.02(.90)/.65(.42)
[W]: 11.31(.001)/0.57(.45)/0.02(.88) / No significant effects on men; among women, the intervention increased total physical activity during leisure, strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. / Men:
1. p=0.87
2. p=0.87
3. p=0.36
4. p=0.32
5. p=0.40
Women:
1. p=0.03
2. p=0.17
3. p=0.21
4. p=0.001
5. p=0.001
Skar et al., 2011* / n=1273 / 1. Physical Activity
2. Intention
3. Perceived Behavioural Control / Mean(SD)
Timepoint 1/Timepoint 2
1. 2.95(2.37)/2.92(2.24)
2. 5.71(1.26)/4.47(0.83)
3. 5.45(1.33)/5.51(1.36) / Intention at Time point 2 / 2. p=0.02
Tully & Cupples, 2011* / n=12 / 1. Number of steps per day
2. Predicted VO2max (ml/kgmin) / Mean(SD)
10,000 step group[SG]; Control group[CG]
Pre-intervention/Post-intervention
1. [SG]: 8824.1(5379.3)/12635.9(6851.3)
[CG]: 7263.8(2837.5)/7656.6(3931.5)
2. [SG]: 34.14(4.62)/31.77(6.34)
[CG]: 32.05(4.59)/33.33(4.41) / 10,000 step group taking significantly more steps after 6 weeks / 1. p=0.03
Wadsworth et al., 2010* / n=91 / 1. Frequency of physical activity (days/week)
2. Physical activity self-efficacy – 15-item self-report questionnaire (perceived confidence to overcome barriers to physical activity) / Mean±SD
Intervention [I]; Control [C]
Baseline/ 6 weeks/ 6 months
1. [I] 2.31±2.03/ 3.13±2.18/ 3.06±2.22
[C] 1.50±1.42/ 1.92±1.84/ 2.03±1.83
2. [I] 59.47±15.86/ 54.31±17.45/ 61.10±21.09
[C] 55.02±17.45/ 49.77±17.87/ 58.28±16.26 / Significantly greater frequency of physical activity in [I] than [C] at 6 weeks but not 6 months. / 1. p=0.026
Werch et al., 2007* / n=155 / 1. Physical activity and exercise
a. Length of exercise
b. 30-day vigorous physical activity
c. 30-day moderate physical activity
d. 7-day average strenuous exercise
e. 7-day average moderate exercise / Mean±SE
Intervention 1[I1] Contract group; Intervention 2[I2] Consult group; Intervention 3[I3] Contract + Consult group
Baseline/ Post-intervention
1.a [I1] 4.14±0.22/ 4.18±0.20; [I2] 3.98±0.23/ 4.19±0.20;
[I3] 3.55±0.22/ 3.84±0.20
1.b [I1] 4.70±0.21/ 4.58±0.21; [I2] 4.15±0.21/ 4.08±0.22;
[I3] 4.14±0.21/ 4.37±0.21
1.c [I1] 4.84±0.26/ 4.94±0.20; [I2] 4.08±0.26/ 5.06±0.21;
[I3] 4.33±0.26/ 5.06±0.21
1.d [I1] 4.04±0.29/ 4.14±0.25; [I2] 3.48±0.30/ 3.50±0.26;
[I3] 3.84±0.29/ 4.00±0.25
1.e [I1] 4.84±0.37/ 5.14±0.32; [I2] 3.81±0.38/ 4.83±0.32;
[I3] 4.18±0.37/ 5.37±0.32 / All three groups showed a significant increase in length of exercise, 30-day moderate physical activity, 7-day average moderate physical activity / 1.a. p=0.02
1.c. p=0.00
1.e. p=0.00
Werch et al., 2008 / n=303 / 1. Physical activity and exercise
a. Length of exercise
b. 30-day vigorous physical activity
c. 30-day moderate physical activity
d. 7-day average strenuous exercise
e. 7-day average moderate exercise / Mean±SE
Intervention [I]; Control [C]
Baseline/ Post-intervention
1.a [I] 3.46±0.15/ 3.66±0.13; [C] 3.67±0.15/ 3.75±0.13
1.b [I] 3.71±0.15/ 3.97±0.14; [C] 3.96±0.15/ 4.19±0.14
1.c [I] 4.32±0.15/ 4.52±0.15; [C] 4.72±0.15/ 4.46±0.14
1.d [I] 3.44±0.19/ 3.56±0.18; [C] 3.80±0.19/ 3.83±0.17
1.e [I] 5.18±0.22/ 5.25±0.19; [C] 5.15±0.22/ 5.22±0.19 / No significant results. / 1.a. p>0.05
1.b. p>0.05
1.c. p>0.05
1.d. p>0.05
1.e. p>0.05
Yakusheva et al., 2011* / n=1055 / 1.Used the gym
2. Exercised outside / Mean(SD)
Baseline/follow up
1. 2.20(2.02)/2.55(1.93)
2. 2.55(2.38)/1.15(1.56) / Exercised outside at baseline. / 2. p=.003

Nutrition