Table S1. Study sites detailed description.

Region / General information / Vegetation / Climate / Rainfall / Seasonality
Roraima / The Maracá Ecological Reserve (Ilha de Maracá) island is formed by the splitting and rejoining of the Rio Uraricuera, located between 3°15' N and 3°35' N, 61°2' W and 61°68' W, with an area of 103,976 ha. / ~84% of the vegetation is forest. ~ 40% (35,000 ha) is semideciduous and 60% is dense lowland terra firme forest (evergreen rain forest (Fragoso et al., 2003) / Warm-tropical, type Aw according to Köeppen’s classification (Radam Brasil, 1974). / From 1996 to 2003 the mean annual rainfall was 2,083 mm (Ibama-RR) / Mean monthly temperature maxima range from 36.1o C (June- July) to 38.6o C (October-November), with mean monthly minima range from 22.3o C (August) to 23.4 o C (February) (Nascimento et al., 2007)
Pará / Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (2°44' S, 55°41' W) is located in the Arapiuns river basin and has an area of 647,610 ha / Dense closed-canopy vegetation, with small enclaves of edaphic savannahs (campinarana) on white sand-soils and narrow portions of seasonally flooded forest (igapó) (Barlow and Peres, 2008) / Warm-tropical, type Aw according to Köeppen’s classification (Radam Brasil, 1974). / Average annual rainfall at the nearest meteorological station (Santarém) is 2,041 mm/yr. / Strongly demarcated dry season lasting three to five months (see Barlow et al., 2006 b)
Acre / The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve is located between 10°00'S and 11° 00'S, 68° 00'W and 70° 00'W and has an area of 931,062 ha / Opened-canopy forest (IBGE, 2009), with a high density of two species of semi-scandent woody bamboo (Guadua sarcocarpa and G. weberbaueri) (Nelson et al., in press) / Warm-tropical, type Aw according to Köeppen’s classification (Radam Brasil, 1974). / Average annual rainfall is c. 2,200 mm with highest precipitations from January to March that reach 800 mm and the driest period from June-August (Ibama-AC) / Mean annual temperature around 26 o C, with the highest temperatures occurring from September to November with mean maxima of 38 o C and the coldest temperatures occur from June to August with mean minimum of 20 o C.
Mato Grosso / Study sites located at São Luiz Farm (12° 39.848'S, 52° 22.185'W), on the right margin of Tanguro river (a tributary of the Xingu river). The farm has a total area of 1300 ha, including primary forest, soybean, and pasture. The primary forest is immersed in a 21Km2 fragment of remaining forest. / Closed-canopy forest, with tree height reaching 18–20 m, with a few taller emergents (Ivanauskas et al. 2003). / Warm-tropical, type Aw according to Köeppen’s classification (Radam Brasil, 1974). / Average annual rainfall is c. 1,700 mm, with lowest precipitations from May to September, where rainfall often falls below 10 mm mo−1 (Balch et al., 2008). / Marked dry season from May to September, with mean temperature around 25 o C and relative temperature around 66% (Balch et al., 2008).