Table S1. Institutions and Cardiothoracic Surgeons Included

Table S1. Institutions and Cardiothoracic Surgeons Included

Supplementary Material

Table S1. Institutions and cardiothoracic surgeons included

Institution / NIH funding rank (BRIMR 2014 data for departments of surgery) / Number of cardiothoracic surgeons / Number of cardiac surgeons / Number of thoracic surgeons
Albert Einstein College Of Medicine / 40 / 2 / 1 / 1
Baylor College Of Medicine / Other / 12 / 10 / 2
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Other / 5 / 3 / 2
Brigham and Women’s Hospital / Other / 24 / 10 / 14
Cleveland Clinic / 45 / 17 / 14 / 3
Columbia University / 26 / 22 / 16 / 6
Dartmouth College / 50 / 2 / 2 / 0
Duke University / 1 / 22 / 14 / 8
Emory University / 12 / 16 / 12 / 4
Georgia Regents University / Other / 3 / 3 / 0
Indiana University / 43 / 14 / 10 / 4
Johns Hopkins University / 13 / 20 / 16 / 4
Loyola University / 17 / 11 / 10 / 1
Mayo Clinic / Other / 17 / 15 / 2
Medical College Of Wisconsin / 38 / 12 / 8 / 4
Medical University Of South Carolina / 36 / 10 / 8 / 2
Massachusetts General Hospital / Other / 19 / 10 / 9
Michigan State University / 47 / 0 / 0 / 0
New York University School Of Medicine / 41 / 16 / 11 / 5
Northwestern University At Chicago / 24 / 17 / 13 / 4
Ohio State University / 30 / 14 / 11 / 3
Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center / 44 / 4 / 4 / 0
RBHS-New Jersey Medical School/ UNIV OF MED/DENT NJ-R W JOHNSON MEDSCH (all together) / 23 / 6 / 5 / 1
Rush University / 33 / 6 / 2 / 4
Stanford / 10 / 28 / 25 / 3
University Of Alabama At Birmingham / 32 / 12 / 9 / 3
University Of California Davis / 8 / 8 / 6 / 2
University Of California Los Angeles / 9 / 10 / 7 / 3
University Of California San Diego / 15 / 6 / 5 / 1
University Of California San Francisco / 7 / 12 / 6 / 6
University Of California Irvine / 48 / 1 / 1 / 0
University Of Chicago / 11 / 8 / 5 / 3
University Of Cincinnati / 49 / 16 / 13 / 3
University Of Colorado Denver / 19 / 10 / 7 / 3
University Of Florida / 18 / 8 / 7 / 1
University Of Iowa / Other / 6 / 4 / 2
University Of Kentucky / 35 / 12 / 9 / 3
University Of Maryland / 21 / 15 / 11 / 4
University Of Miami / 20 / 8 / 5 / 3
University Of Michigan / 3 / 22 / 16 / 6
University Of Minnesota / 14 / 11 / 8 / 3
University Of Nebraska Medical Center / 34 / 5 / 3 / 2
University Of North Carolina Chapel Hill / 29 / 9 / 5 / 4
University Of Pennsylvania / 22 / 24 / 20 / 4
University Of Pittsburgh / 4 / 34 / 16 / 18
University Of Rochester / 16 / 8 / 5 / 3
University Of Southern California / 25 / 13 / 12 / 1
University of Texas – MD Anderson Cancer Center / Other / 9 / 0 / 9
University Of Texas Medical Br Galveston / 27 / 3 / 2 / 1
University Of Utah / 39 / 8 / 8 / 0
University Of Virginia / 28 / 11 / 8 / 3
University Of Washington / 46 / 12 / 7 / 5
University Of Wisconsin / 6 / 7 / 5 / 2
Vanderbilt University / 5 / 15 / 11 / 4
Wake Forest University / 37 / 6 / 5 / 1
Washington University / 2 / 16 / 10 / 6
Weill Cornell Medical College / 42 / 13 / 8 / 5
Yale University / 31 / 16 / 12 / 4
Total (56 institutions) / 694 / 489 / 205

Supplementary Table S2. Training patterns: cardiac vs. thoracic surgeons (differentiating between “Sure DTR” and “Presumed DTR”)

All / Cardiac surgeons / Thoracic Surgeons
Number of individuals (%) / 694 (100%) / 489 (70%) / 205 (30%)
Dedicated time for research (DTR) during training
Yes (“Sure DTR” #) / 253 (62%) / 182 (60%) / 70 (67%) / p = 0.18 a
Yes (“Presumed DTR” #) / 212 / 128 / 84
No / 156 (38%) / 122 (40%) / 34 (33%)
Unsure (missing data) / 74 / 57 / 17

# “Sure DTR” = surgeons for whom we found explicit mention of extra-time dedicated exclusively to research during their training in their curriculum vitae; “Presumed DTR” = No explicit mention of dedicated research time in their curriculum, but DTR assumed because the time spent between medical school graduation and US general surgery graduation was more than 5 years.

Data are expressed as median (range; interquartile range or absolute number (percentage). Missing data points were excluded from analysis. Percentages may not sum to 100% total due to rounding.

a Chi-square test.

Supplementary Table S3. Dedicated time for research (DTR) during training and long-term academic achievements (only including individuals with “Sure DTR”)

All / Cardiac surgeons / Thoracic surgeons
Dedicated time for research during training (“Sure DTR”) # / Dedicated time for research during training (“Sure DTR”) # / Dedicated time for research during training (“Sure DTR”) #
Yes / No / Yes / No / Yes / No
Academic title
Professor – n (%) / 86 (57) / 64 (43) / 67 (56) / 53 (44) / 19 (63) / 11 (37)
Associate
Professor – n (%) / 59 (65) / 32 (35) / 41 (62) / 25 (38) / 18 (72) / 7 (28)
Assistant
Professor – n (%) / 80 (66) / 42 (34) / 53 (65) / 28 (35) / 27 (66) / 14 (34)
Instructor – n (%) / 13 (68) / 6 (32) / 9 (64) / 5 (36) / 4 (80) / 1 (20)
p = 0.44 a / p = 0.56 a / p = 0.86 b
NIH funding
Yes – n (%) / 77 (81) / 18 (19) / 55 (77) / 16 (23) / 22 (92) / 2 (8)
No – n (%) / 175 (56) / 138 (44) / 127 (55) / 106 (45) / 48 (60) / 32 (40)
p < 0.001 a / p < 0.001 a / p = 0.008 b
Division/department chief
Yes – n (%) / 48 (57) / 36 (43) / 34 (55) / 28 (45) / 14 (64) / 8 (36)
No – n (%) / 201 (64) / 115 (36) / 145 (62) / 89 (38) / 56 (68) / 26 (32)
p = 0.38 a / p = 0.38 a / p = 0.89 a

# “Sure DTR” = surgeons for whom we found explicit mention of extra-time dedicated exclusively to research during their training in their curriculum vitae

Note: Missing data points were excluded.

a Chi-square test.

b Fisher’s exact test

Supplementary Table S4 – Linear regression models for career-long publications, citations and H index for cardiac and thoracic surgeons with “Sure DTR”

p
Total number of publications in function of years since medical school graduation / intercept / -62.4 / < 0.001
slope / 6.2 / < 0.001
Total number of citations in function of years since medical school graduation / intercept / -2883 / < 0.001
slope / 223 / < 0.001
H index in function of years since medical school graduation / intercept / -1.7 / 0.40
slope / 0.9 / < 0.001
All regression models (publications, citations, H index) showed higher career-long academic productivity (p < 0.05 for all comparisons – not shown) vs. surgeons with no DTR (whose linear regression models and coefficients are shown in the Figures)

Sure DTR” = surgeons for whom we found explicit mention of extra-time dedicated exclusively to research during their training in their curriculum vitae

Supplementary Figures in the Supplementary Material

Figure S1

Title: Figure S1. Comparison of the impact of taking vs. not taking dedicated time for research (DTR) in terms of career-long academic productivity for cardiac surgeons only

Legend: Impact of dedicated time for research (DTR) vs. no DTR in terms of career-long total number of publications (a), total number of citations (b) and current H index (c) in function of time since graduation from medical school for cardiac surgeons only.

Figure S2

Title: Comparison of the impact of taking vs. not taking dedicated time for research (DTR) in terms of career-long academic productivity for thoracic surgeons only

Legend: Impact of dedicated time for research (DTR) vs. no DTR in terms of career-long total number of publications (a), total number of citations (b) and current H index (c) in function of time since graduation from medical school for thoracic surgeons only.

Figure S3

Title: Comparison of the impact of having vs. not having a PhD in terms of career-long academic productivity for cardiac surgeons only

Legend: Impact of having vs. not having a PhD in terms of career-long total number of publications (a), total number of citations (b) and current H index (c) in function of time since graduation from medical school for cardiac surgeons only.

Figure S4

Title: Comparison of the impact of having vs. not having a PhD in terms of career-long academic productivity for thoracic surgeons only

Legend: Impact of having vs. not having a PhD in terms of career-long total number of publications (a), total number of citations (b) and current H index (c) in function of time since graduation from medical school for thoracic surgeons only.

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