Supplementary Material

The suspensor: not just suspending the embryo

Tomokazu Kawashima and Robert B. Goldberg

Department of Molecular Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

Corresponding author: Goldberg, R.B. ()

Table S1. Arabidopsis genes that affect suspensor development when mutated
Gene / AGI / Description / Phenotypes / Refs
wox8 / AT5G45980 / Wuschel-related Homeodomain transcription factor / Aberrant suspensor cell division in wox8/wox9 double mutant / [S1-S3]
wox9 / AT2G33880 / Wuschel-related Homeodomain transcription factor / Aberrant suspensor cell division in wox8/wox9 double mutant / [S1-S3]
yda / AT1G63700 / MAP kinase kinase kinase / No elongation of zygote / [S4]
ssp / AT2G17090 / Receptor-like kinase / No elongation of zygote / [S5]
mpk3 / AT3G45640 / MAP kinase / No elongation of zygote in mpk3/mpk6 double mutant / [S6]
mpk6 / AT2G43790 / MAP kinase / No elongation of zygote in mpk3/mpk6 double mutant / [S6]
vcl1 / AT2G38020 / Homology to yeast Vps16p / Loss of vacuoles and aberrant cell divisions / [S7]
Table S2. Arabidopsis genes that affect suspensor development probably through an embryo proper defect when mutated
Gene / AGI / Description / Phenotypes / Refs
rsy1 / ND / Plastid-targeted ribosomal protein S1 / Enlarged suspensor / [S8, S9]
rsy2 / ND / ND / Enlarged suspensor / [S9]
rsy3 / AT3G24560 / Plastid-targeted protein / Enlarged suspensor / [S10]
sus1/dcl1 / AT1G01040 / Dicer/RNA helicase / Enlarged suspensor / [S11, S12]
sus2 / AT1G80070 / Plastid-targeted spliceosome assembly factor / Enlarged suspensor / [S11, S13]
sus3 / ND / ND / Enlarged suspensor / [S11]
twn1 / ND / ND / Extra embryo from suspensor / [S14]
twn2 / AT1G14610 / Plastid-targeted varyl-tRNA synthase / Extra embryo from suspensor / [S15]
lec1 / AT1G21970 / HAP3 subunit of the CCAAT-Box binding factor / Enlarged suspensor / [S16]
lec1-like / AT5G47670 / HAP3 subunit of the CCAAT-Box binding factor / Enlarged suspensor / [S17]

ND: not determined

Supplementary references

S1Breuninger, H., et al.(2008) Differential expression of WOX genes mediates apical-basal axis formation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Dev. Cell 14, 867-876

S2Haecker, A., et al.(2004) Expression dynamics of WOX genes mark cell fate decisions during early embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 131, 657-668

S3Wu, X., et al. (2007) Combinations of WOX activities regulate tissue proliferation during Arabidopsis embryonic development. Dev. Biol. 309, 306-316

S4Lukowitz, W., et al.(2004) A MAPKK kinase gene regulates extra-embryonic cell fate in Arabidopsis. Cell 116, 109-119

S5Bayer, M., et al. (2009) Paternal control of embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 323, 1485-1488

S6Wang, H.C., et al.(2007) Stomatal development and patterning are regulated by environmentally responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19, 63-73

S7Rojo, E., et al.(2001) VACUOLELESS1 is an essential gene required for vacuole formation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell 1, 303-310

S8Yadegari, R., and Goldberg, R.B. (1997) Embryogenesis in Dicotyledonous Plants. In Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Volume 4, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Seed Development (Larkins, B.A., and Vasil, I.K., eds), pp. 3-52, Kluwer Academic Publishers

S9Yadegari, R., et al.(1994) Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis Are Uncoupled in Arabidopsis raspberry Embryos. Plant Cell 6, 1713-1729

S10Apuya, N.R., et al.(2002) RASPBERRY3 gene encodes a novel protein important for embryo development. Plant Physiol. 129, 691-705

S11Schwartz, B.W., et al.(1994) Disruption of Morphogenesis and Transformation of the Suspensor in Abnormal Suspensor Mutants of Arabidopsis. Development 120, 3235-3245

S12Golden, T.A., et al.(2002) SHORT INTEGUMENTS1/SUSPENSOR1/CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, is a maternal effect gene required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 130, 808-822

S13Meinke, D.W. (1995) Molecular-Genetics of Plant Embryogenesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 369-394

S14Vernon, D.M., and Meinke, D.W. (1994) Embryogenic transformation of the suspensor in twin, a polyembryonic mutant of Arabidopsis. Dev. Biol. 165, 566-573

S15Zhang, J.Z., and Somerville, C.R. (1997) Suspensor-derived polyembryony caused by altered expression of valyl-tRNA synthetase in the twn2 mutant of Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 7349-7355

S16Lotan, T., et al.(1998) Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is sufficient to induce embryo development in vegetative cells. Cell 93, 1195-1205

S17Kwong, R.W., et al.(2003) LEAFY COTYLEDON1-LIKE defines a class of regulators essential for embryo development. Plant Cell 15, 5-18