Electronic supplementary material (ESM)

Legend to figure 1

Mean intake of saturated fatty acids (%en) at baseline and 7-year follow-up in 1102 patients with Type 1 diabetes from 21 centres across Europe.

Dark columns represent baseline values, light columns follow-up results.

Vertical solid lines show recommended upper limits for saturated fatty acids (10%en) by the DNSG of the EASD[25] and 7% by the ADA recommendations.[6]

Legend to figure 2

Mean intake of dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal) at baseline and 7-year follow-up in 1102 patients with Type 1 diabetes from 21 centres across Europe.

Dark columns represent baseline values, light columns follow-up results.

Vertical solid line indicates 10g/1000kcal to indicate people do not reach even this lower limit, whereas the recommended intake by the DNSG of the EASD[25] is 20g/1000 kcal and 14g/1000 kcal by the ADA recommendations.[6]


Table 1. Baseline characteristics of individuals with Type 1 diabetes (n=1102) included and those lost-to-follow-up (n=1742), restricting population to those with nutritional data.

Study participants
(n=1102) / Lost-to-follow-up
(n=1742) / P value
Males % (n) / 50% (553) / 51% (896) / 0.52
Age (years) / 32.7 ± 9.7 / 32.7 ± 10.4 / 0.97
Duration of diabetes (years) / 14.6 ± 9.3 / 14.8 ± 9.3 / 0.52
Daily insulin dose (units/day) / 45.3 ± 15.9 / 44.6 ± 15.1 / 0.23
Daily insulin dose (units/ kg bodyweight/day) / 0.68 ± 0.22 / 0.68 ± 0.23 / 0.99
HbA1c (%) / 8.24 ± 1.91 / 8.55 ± 1.93 / <0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) / 5.28 ± 1.06 / 5.39 ± 1.19 / 0.01
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) / 1.51 ± 0.41 / 1.46 ± 0.44 / 0.0009
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) / 3.32 ± 0.94 / 3.43 ± 1.05 / 0.02
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l)# / 0.85 (0.68-1.22) / 0.97 (0.73-1.40) / <0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) / 119.6 ± 16.5 / 121.6 ± 18.4 / 0.004
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) / 74.8 ± 11.2 / 75.7 ± 11.6 / 0.04
BMI (kg/m²) / 23.6 ± 2.7 / 23.4 ± 2.9 / 0.04
Weight (kg) / 67.5 ± 10.9 / 66.8 ± 11.1 / 0.09
WHR / 0.84 ± 0.09 / 0.85 ± 0.12 / 0.65
Current smoking % (n) / 28% (312) / 34% (589) / 0.004
Physical activity % (n)* / 67% (739) / 61% (1065) / <0.0001

* moderate or vigorous PA once a week or more. P values obtained by paired t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.

Table 2. Nutrient differences from baseline to follow-up by agebands and gender

Ageband / N / Total protein (%en) / Animal protein (%en) / Vegetable protein (%en) / Total fat (g/day) / Saturated fat (%en) / Cholesterol (mg/day) / Carbohydrate (g/day) / Fibre (g/day)
14-25 years / 275 / -0.16 (4.31) / -0.24 (4.66) / 0.07 (1.47) / -4.38 (38.03) / -0.24 (4.01) / -18.20 (198.47) / 0.35 (87.61) / 0.12 (8.83)
25-32 years / 276 / -0.50 (3.68) / -0.72 (4.09) / 0.20 (1.34) / -5.90 (38.12) / 0.13 (3.52) / -60.57 (214.74) / -5.65 (83.90) / -0.03 (8.31)
32-38 years / 274 / -0.58 (3.64) / -0.67 (3.85) / 0.11 (1.38) / -5.32 (34.50) / -0.50 (3.63) / -30.00 (193.17) / 2.35 (71.38) / 0.67 (9.58)
38-60 years / 277 / -0.14 (3.77) / -0.37 (4.00) / 0.20 (1.18) / -11.33 (31.21) / -0.40 (3.50) / -38.61 (210.02) / -9.61 (65.79) / 0.94 (7.87)
Male / 553 / -0.33 (3.59) / -0.49 (3.88) / 0.16 (1.31) / -8.5 (39.05) / -0.25 (3.47) / -37.4 (213.4) / -6.74 (84.1) / 0.65 (9.49)
Female / 549 / -0.36 (4.12) / -0.51 (4.43) / 0.13 (1.39) / -5.0 (31.76) / -0.25 (3.87) / -36.4 (195.5) / 0.45 (70.6) / 0.20 (7.375)

Figure 1:

Figure 2: