Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems

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APESName ______

Mr. KoevalDate ______Per _____

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems

1. Human impacts on terrestrial biodiversity
2. How have human activities affected global biodiversity?

Use figure 11-3: Through our global population’s overall ______and ______use and through our human activities such as ______, ______, economic ______and ______, and ______, we have directly impacted biodiversity in 4 major ways:

1.

2.

3.

4.

There are two major approaches to protecting biodiversity. One approach focuses on protecting species themselves and the other emphasizes protecting ecosystems.

1. Why should we care?

What are the two types of value of earth’s overall diversity?

1.

2.

What are the two types of instrumental value?

1. use--

2. nonuse--

What are three types of nonuse values?

1.

2.

3.

1. Conservation Biology

What is conservation biology?

1. Public lands in the United States
2. Where are they?

How much of theU.S. is managed by the federal government?

Of that amount, where is the majority of it (what state)?

And another 22% is where? (take a look at figure 11-4 on page 196 to verify this for yourself)

How does this compare to other countries?

*What are the 5 types of public lands, their managing body, and uses/restrictions? Which one is most restrictive?

Public land typeManagerUses/restrictions

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. How should U.S. Public Lands be managed?

1. Managing and sustaining forests

1. Major types of forests

*List the ecological and economic services provided by forests

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Define:

*Old growth forest—

*Second-growth forest—

*Tree plantation/tree farm—

*Which one predominates, globally?

1. How are trees harvested?

*List the 9 or so—depending on how you break it down-- harmful effects of building roadways into forests.

1. *Compare the 5 methods of tree harvesting

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

*List the advantagesand disadvantages of clear cutting

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1. *Deforestation

List the 7 ways that deforestation degrades natural capital.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Following up on #6 from the above list, explain how deforestation contributes to global warming.

1. Sustainable forestry

*List 8 keys to sustainable forestry.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

How have Home Depot and Lowe’s participated in sustainable forestry?

1. Forest resources and management in the U.S.
2. The status of forests in the U.S.

Compare U.S. forest coverage now and in 1920.

True or false? Every year in the U.S., more wood is cut than is grown.

*How can buying a Christmas tree be bad as it pertains to the conditions of U.S. forests?

Did you buy a Christmas tree this year? _____ How do you feel about that?

Who is Julia Hill?

1. Reducing the harmful effects of insects and pathogens in U.S. forests

*What are the four ways we can reduce impacts from tree diseases and pests?

1.

2.

3.

4.

List 5 major nonnative diseases/pests.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Are any of these a problem in North Carolina? _____ If so, which one(s)?

If so, where? If none are a problem in NC, check this box:

1. *Fire

Compare the three kinds of forest fires. Are any of them beneficial? Which one is the “worst”?

1.

2.

3.

1. Reducing forest damage from fires

*What are the three methods used to reduce harm from forest fires?

1.

2.

3.

*What is the Healthy Forests Initiative?

Is it likely to work? Why or why not?

How can goats be used to prevent forest fires?

1. Reducing the need for trees for timber and paper

*What are some examples of inefficient wood use?

*What is kenaf? Who uses it? What does the USDA say about it?

1. Tropical Deforestation

1. How fast and who cares?

What are the three reasons why it is difficult to assess rate and amount of deforestation?

1. it is difficult to interpret…

2. some countries….

3. it all depends on what the meaning of the word “is” is.

In square miles per year, what are the estimates of tropical forest loss?

At this rate, when will they be ½ gone?

1. Sustaining tropical forests

List preventionand restoration techniques for sustaining trop. for.

1. National Parks
2. Nature reserves

What is the Nature Conservancy? What do they do?

*What are biosphere reserves? Include the terms buffer and core and transition area in your answer.

*What is wilderness (according to the U.S. Wilderness Act)?How much of the U.S. is protected as wilderness?

1. Ecological restoration

*5 approaches to ecological recovery

1. returning an ecosystem to its original, natural state =

2. returning an ecosystem to a functional condition =

3. cleaning up chemical contaminants =

4. replacing a degraded ecosystem with another ecosystem =

5.creating artificial ecosystems

List 6 things you can do to help sustain terrestrial biodiversity.

1.

2.

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6.

Chapter 12: The species approach to sustaining biodiversity

1. Extinction
2. *What are the three types of extinction? (list and define)

1.

2.

3.

1. *Threatened vs endangered vs extinct

We already discussed this earlier in the year, but if you have forgotten them, define them.

1. Extinction rate

Approximately what percent of all species that ever lived are extinct?

Is it easy to determine how many species are becoming extinct?

What is the species-area relationship and how can it help us determine extinction rate?

Circle the one who is more vulnerable to extinction;

1. K or r strategist?

2. generalist or specialist

3. broad range (distribution) or narrow range

4. feeds on high trophic level or low trophic level?

5. no migration/variable migration or fixed migration pattern

6. requires small land or required large territory

1. Humans and extinction rate

How has the emergence of man affected extinction rate?

1. Importance of wild species
2. As my late Grandma Cleo would say: “So who needs ‘em anyway?”

Explain briefly how the following can be used to illustrate instrumental value.

Lion

Elephant

Bat

1. Extinction threats from habitat loss and degradation
2. Habitat loss and degradation

*List the 4 basic causes of extinction.

1.

2.

3.

4.

*List the secondary causes of extinction (HIPPO).

H

I

P

P

O

*The greatest threat to wild species is ______, ______, and ______.

What are the three greatest eliminators of terrestrial species?

1.

2.

3.

What are the 6 types of habitat disturbance threatening endangered species in the U.S.?

Most important: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Least important: 6.

1. *Habitat fragmentation

What is it?

Fragmentation creates vulnerability to what 4 things?

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Birds (Mock….yeah…ing…yeah…burd…yeah…oh, never mind)

*List 9 things that are causing declines in numbers of birds.

1. habitat loss and ______

1. second greatest threat is ______

1. ______for the pet trade

1. ______after being hooked on bait lines

1. Collision with ______(compare that to how many hunters kill..!)

1. oil spills, pesticides, lead, and illegal hunting

What are four important ecological roles filled by birds?

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Extinction threats from nonnative species

How can nonnative species be good? In addition to ecosystem services, nonnative species provide economic services such as ______, ______, ______, and ______.

How can they be bad? Without natural predators, competitors, parasites, or pathogens, they can ______or ______native species, causing ecological disruption.

What is the best way to limit harmful impacts of nonnative species? Page 237

1. Extinction threats from poaching and hunting

Okay, let’s just get this out of the way: how vomitrocious is the gorilla head pictured on page 239?

Cross-border smuggling of wild life is the third most lucrative illegal smuggling activity after ______and ______.

How does poverty lead to poaching?

Is poaching a lucrative business?_____ Would you do it?_____ Why or why not? Be honest.

1. Other extinction threats

*List 3 other important extinction threats

1.

2.

3. climate change (of course)

4. pollution

1. Protecting wild species through research and legal action
2. International

**What is CITES? (VERY IMPORTANT!)

1. U.S.

What is the Lacey Act?

**The ESA:

Controversial because it is very ______

Species are put on the list by ______and ______, based on ______factors alone.

Can private land owners be fined for damaging the habitat of an ES on their own land? _____

ESA makes it ______for Americans to buy or sell any product made from an ES.

How do you feel about regulatory takings as they relate to ESA? See page 242-243. Explain your opinion.

What are HCPs?

1. Sanctuaries
2. Wildlife refuges

*What are flyways?

1. Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms

What are gene (or seed) banks?

What are botanical gardens and arboretums?

What is egg pulling? (you’ve GOT to be curious about that!)

What is captive breeding?

List 4 things that YOU can do to protect species.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

1. Overview of Aquatic Biodiversity

1. What do we know about aquatic biodiversity?

How much of the earth’s ocean have we explored? ______% How much do we know about its inner workings and biodiversity? A great deal a good bit fairly little

1. Where’s the life?

Where are the three highest concentrations of marine biodiversity? ______, ______, and ______.

Is marine biodiversity higher at the coast or the open ocean? (circle one)

Benthic or pelagic region? (Circle one)

Where is marine biodiversity the lowest? ______

1. *Why care?

List the ecologicaland economical services provided by marine systems

1.

2.

3.

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8.

*Now do the same for freshwater systems

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2.

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1. Human impacts on aquatic biodiversity
2. Habitat loss and degradation

*List the 4 examples of habitat loss and degradation in marine systems.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Marine fish populations

About what fraction of the world’s commercially valuable fish are overfished or nearly fished at their limit?

What is commercial extinction?

What is the greatest threat to populations of surface fish?

*What is bycatch?

How much of the world’s annual fish catch is bycatch?

True or false? Nonnative aquatic species are not a significant threat to native aquatic species.

1. Protecting and sustaining marine biodiversity
2. Why is it difficult to protect them?

Identify the three reasons why it is difficult to protect marine species.

1. coastal development and the associated…

2.

3.

1. International agreements and protected marine sanctuaries

What does the UN Law of the Sea and the EEZ say about jurisdiction over the sea?

1. Protecting, sustaining, and restoring wetlands
2. How are they protected in the U.S.

What do you have to get if you want to fill or dredge wetland areas?

**What is mitigation banking? Does it work? Why or why not?

1. The Everglades

Describe the Everglades prior to 1948.

Since 1948, what happened to much of that water?

What happened in the 1960s with the USACE?

Since then, farmers have grown crops and added nutrients to the system and allowed nonnatives to flourish. About _____% has dried out. Urbanization has ______much of the habitat. The establishment of ENP did not correct the problem because the development and diversion projects on the north end ______much of the water flow needed to sustain the wildlife in the park. As a result, bird populations have been devastated, FloridaBay is ______, warmer, and full of algae, and tourism has been threatened. In 1990, Florida and the Feds devised a plan to attempt to save the Everglades. It’s an ambitious plan that included, ironically enough, RESTRAIGHTENING the Kissimmee River, plus creating marshes, removing levees and canals, and building OTHER canals and reservoirs to return water that is on it’s way out to sea. The price tag is over $10,000,000,000. Sounds simple, eh? It’s a mess.

1. Protecting, sustaining, and restoring lakes and rivers
2. The Great Lakes

What is the major threat to the Great Lakes?

1. Columbia River

List the ecological services of rivers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

How do salmon help the forest?

1. Freshwater fishery management

1. Wild and Scenic Rivers

*What is the NWSRA? How much of our rivers are protected by it?