Supplementary materials captions

Table SM1Geographic, climatic and agro-ecological characteristics of study sites

Table SM2 Definitions and descriptive statistics of independent variables

Table SM3Marginal effects of the explanatory variables onadaptiveness (from the GLM) and crop and variety related changes (from the logit models)

Table SM4 Marginal effects of the explanatory variables on land use and management related changes from the logit models

Table SM1 Study site characteristics

Country / Burkina Faso / Ghana / Mali / Niger / Senegal
Site name / Yatenga / Laawra-Jipara / Segou / Kollo / Kaffrine
Area of CCAFS site / 900 km2 / 100 km2 / 900 km2 / 900 km2 / 900 km2
Box geometry / 30x30km / 10x10km / 30x30km / 30x30km / 30x30km
Bounding coordinates / [2.39°W ; 13.83°N] / [2.91°W ; 10.74°N] / [5.91°W ; 13.51°N] / [2.82 E ; 13.65°N] / [15.69°W ; 14.24°N]
[2.11°W ; 13.25°N] / [2.62°W ; 10.45°N] / [5.61°W ; 13.23°N] / [2.55E ; 13.38°N] / [15.41°W ; 13.97°N]
Number of villages / 45 / 48 / 48 / 46 / 125
Central location / Tougou / DuoriNakyeniYiri / Bouya‐Were / TondiKiboro / Kaffrine
Central location coordinates / [2.2528°W ; 13.6922°N] / [2.7666°W ; 10.6000°N] / [5.7673°W ; 13.3685°N] / [2.6873°E ; 13.5163°N] / [15.5520°W ; 14.1069°N]
Elevation range (m) / 304‐492 / 228‐343 / 268‐291 / 190‐273L / 1‐52
Agro-ecological zones / -Arid Sahel savannah
-Semi-arid/Sudan savannah / -Northern Guinea savanna
-Southern guinea savannah / -Semi-arid/ Sudan savannah
-Northern Guinea savanna / -Arid Sahel savanna
-Semi-arid/Sudan savanna / -Semi-arid/ Sudan savannah
-Northern Guinea savanna
Total annual rainfall (mm) / 542‐763 / 896‐1123 / 578‐821 / 422‐620 / 523‐797

Source. CCAFS site atlas (

Table SM2 Descriptive statistics of independent variables

Variables / Values / Mean / SD / Min / Max
Better yield / Binary* / 0.65 / 0.48 / 0 / 1
Market opportunity / Binary* / 0.46 / 0.50 / 0 / 1
More erratic rainfall (Eran) / Binary* / 0.54 / 0.50 / 0 / 1
Less overall rainfall / Binary* / 0.45 / 0.50 / 0 / 1
More frequent droughts / Binary* / 0.28 / 0.45 / 0 / 1
Strong winds / Binary* / 0.14 / 0.35 / 0 / 1
Later start of rains / Binary* / 0.38 / 0.49 / 0 / 1
Higher temperatures / Binary* / 0.11 / 0.31 / 0 / 1
Decline in land productivity / Binary* / 0.71 / 0.45 / 0 / 1
Decline in land availability / Binary* / 0.30 / 0.46 / 0 / 1
Insufficient labor / Binary* / 0.22 / 0.41 / 0 / 1
Pests and diseases) / Binary* / 0.22 / 0.42 / 0 / 1
Projects and policies / Binary* / 0.20 / 0.40 / 0 / 1
Gender of household head / Binary (1=male, 0=female) / 0.96 / 0.21 / 0 / 1
Household size / Number of people in household / 12.72 / 9.78 / 1 / 85
Level of education of household head / Binary (1 if educated to secondary level, 0 otherwise) / 0.23 / 0.42 / 0 / 1
Farm production assets / Number of tractors, mechanical ploughs, threshers and mills owned / 0.47 / 0.52 / 0 / 2
Access to information / Number of televisions, radios and cell phones owned / 1.58 / 0.76 / 0 / 3
Access to credit / Binary (1 if household obtained credit for agricultural activities in last 12 months, 0 otherwise) / 0.16 / 0.37 / 0 / 1

*Binary (1 if cited as a reason for changing a practice, 0 otherwise)

Table SM3 Marginal effects of the explanatory variables onadaptiveness (from the GLM) and crop and variety related changes(from the logit models)

GLM / Logit models
Variables / Adaptiveness / Introducing any new crop / Shorter cycle variety / Higher yielding variety / Better quality variety / Drought tolerant variety / Improved
seed
Better yield / 1.669*** / 0.016 / 0.287*** / 0.425*** / 0.284*** / 0.087*** / 0.116*
(0.333) / (0.072) / (0.046) / (0.051) / (0.062) / (0.027) / (0.065)
Market opportunity / 3.720*** / 0.443*** / 0.300*** / 0.339*** / 0.329*** / -0.018 / 0.042
(0.572) / (0.061) / (0.052) / (0.065) / (0.062) / (0.026) / (0.053)
More erratic rainfall / 0.779 / -0.068 / 0.129 / 0.038 / -0.005 / 0.049 / -0.142*
(0.477) / (0.074) / (0.083) / (0.093) / (0.085) / (0.047) / (0.075)
Less overall rainfall / 2.028*** / 0.060 / 0.150** / 0.263*** / 0.149* / 0.048 / 0.083
(0.474) / (0.072) / (0.066) / (0.068) / (0.080) / (0.037) / (0.075)
More frequent droughts / -1.251*** / -0.083 / 0.031 / -0.177* / -0.163* / 0.019 / -0.114**
(0.315) / (0.079) / (0.043) / (0.092) / (0.091) / (0.025) / (0.054)
Strong winds / -0.879** / -0.200** / -0.013 / -0.250*** / -0.255*** / -0.037* / 0.103
(0.359) / (0.081) / (0.083) / (0.078) / (0.071) / (0.020) / (0.071)
Later start of rains / 0.762* / -0.066 / 0.074 / 0.031 / 0.024 / 0.030 / 0.174**
(0.455) / (0.080) / (0.057) / (0.077) / (0.090) / (0.052) / (0.068)
Higher temperatures / 0.899* / -0.082 / 0.035 / -0.248** / -0.185 / 0.015 / -0.019
(0.546) / (0.093) / (0.092) / (0.126) / (0.126) / (0.032) / (0.077)
Decline in land productivity / 0.795 / 0.151** / -0.141** / -0.121* / -0.010 / 0.004 / -0.045
(0.566) / (0.068) / (0.057) / (0.070) / (0.074) / (0.026) / (0.094)
Decline in land availability / 1.620*** / 0.177*** / 0.035 / 0.009 / 0.024 / -0.028 / 0.143***
(0.351) / (0.067) / (0.048) / (0.047) / (0.068) / (0.022) / (0.053)
Insufficient labor / 1.633*** / 0.034 / -0.000 / -0.009 / -0.038 / -0.019 / -0.070
(0.427) / (0.076) / (0.053) / (0.075) / (0.063) / (0.025) / (0.045)
Pests & diseases / 1.649*** / -0.183* / 0.096 / 0.159** / 0.282*** / 0.028 / 0.302***
(0.326) / (0.108) / (0.061) / (0.074) / (0.085) / (0.037) / (0.074)
Projects &policies / 1.068** / 0.019 / -0.074 / -0.059 / 0.095 / 0.082* / 0.213**
(0.458) / (0.074) / (0.064) / (0.069) / (0.086) / (0.044) / (0.089)
Gender of household head / -0.208 / -0.150 / -0.126 / -0.074 / 0.048 / 0.015 / -0.066
(0.691) / (0.124) / (0.085) / (0.137) / (0.124) / (0.032) / (0.073)
Household size / -0.023 / 0.001 / 0.002 / 0.000 / 0.001 / 0.001 / -0.004
(0.014) / (0.002) / (0.002) / (0.003) / (0.002) / (0.001) / (0.002)
Education of household head / 0.365 / 0.015 / -0.009 / 0.007 / 0.080 / -0.022 / 0.022
(0.321) / (0.068) / (0.051) / (0.074) / (0.064) / (0.018) / (0.047)
Farm production assets / 0.052 / -0.024 / -0.059 / -0.243*** / -0.209*** / 0.006 / -0.005
(0.427) / (0.045) / (0.041) / (0.050) / (0.047) / (0.028) / (0.045)
Access to information / 0.966*** / 0.032 / 0.046 / 0.101*** / 0.035 / -0.016 / 0.035
(0.240) / (0.040) / (0.034) / (0.035) / (0.029) / (0.012) / (0.028)
Access to credit / 1.096** / 0.039 / 0.149*** / 0.140*** / 0.103 / -0.011 / -0.012
(0.505) / (0.057) / (0.048) / (0.051) / (0.078) / (0.023) / (0.049)
LR chi2 (19) / 99 / 232 / 156 / 311 / 160 / 238
Prob>chi2 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Log likelihood / -1925 / -402 / -331 / -335 / -349 / -339 / -319
Correctly classified (%) / 70.53 / 78.54 / 76.97 / 74.11 / 88.41 / 85.12
Deviance / 1056
Pearson / 991

N=699; *** p<0.01. ** p<0.05. * p<0.1; Robust standard errors in parentheses. Errors are clustered at the village level

Table SM4 Marginal effects of the explanatory variables onland use and management related changes from the logit models

Variables / Expanding
area / Reducing
area / Crop rotation / Intercropping / Earlier land preparation / Earlier
planting / Organic manure / Mineral fertilizers / Pesticides
Better yield / 0.126** / 0.020 / -0.092 / 0.092 / -0.006 / -0.010 / 0.013 / -0.051 / 0.019
(0.050) / (0.045) / (0.072) / (0.064) / (0.070) / (0.035) / (0.045) / (0.048) / (0.056)
Market opportunity / 0.120** / 0.201*** / 0.447*** / 0.322*** / 0.109 / 0.177*** / 0.145*** / 0.070 / 0.226***
(0.058) / (0.061) / (0.073) / (0.092) / (0.083) / (0.040) / (0.048) / (0.063) / (0.064)
More erratic rainfall / 0.195*** / -0.037 / 0.098 / 0.037 / 0.072 / 0.070 / 0.048 / 0.126* / -0.044
(0.043) / (0.081) / (0.083) / (0.082) / (0.082) / (0.054) / (0.053) / (0.067) / (0.070)
Less overall rainfall / 0.006 / -0.104 / 0.128 / 0.101 / 0.084 / 0.084 / 0.148*** / 0.184*** / 0.212***
(0.077) / (0.076) / (0.102) / (0.077) / (0.080) / (0.062) / (0.047) / (0.069) / (0.059)
More frequent droughts / -0.214*** / 0.026 / -0.045 / -0.185** / -0.447*** / -0.19*** / -0.020 / 0.038 / -0.077
(0.077) / (0.082) / (0.073) / (0.085) / (0.108) / (0.054) / (0.060) / (0.070) / (0.066)
Strong winds / -0.016 / -0.178** / -0.192** / 0.184** / 0.145 / -0.087 / -0.240* / -0.121 / 0.131
(0.099) / (0.078) / (0.097) / (0.089) / (0.153) / (0.058) / (0.136) / (0.137) / (0.103)
Later start of rains / -0.014 / 0.126 / 0.010 / 0.074 / -0.153* / -0.097 / 0.047 / -0.131** / 0.152*
(0.068) / (0.085) / (0.069) / (0.068) / (0.088) / (0.061) / (0.058) / (0.052) / (0.083)
Higher temperatures / 0.109 / -0.338*** / 0.178 / 0.034 / 0.181 / 0.096 / 0.172*** / 0.218** / -0.19***
(0.126) / (0.084) / (0.134) / (0.112) / (0.174) / (0.145) / (0.040) / (0.102) / (0.054)
Decline in land productivity / 0.065 / 0.079 / 0.004 / -0.078 / 0.191*** / 0.058 / 0.176*** / 0.190*** / 0.067
(0.054) / (0.059) / (0.051) / (0.066) / (0.067) / (0.037) / (0.057) / (0.049) / (0.066)
Decline in land availability / -0.048 / 0.335*** / 0.131** / -0.012 / 0.181** / 0.237*** / 0.027 / 0.028 / 0.008
(0.056) / (0.060) / (0.066) / (0.071) / (0.071) / (0.060) / (0.050) / (0.060) / (0.076)
Insufficient labor / 0.029 / 0.089 / 0.151** / 0.274*** / 0.274*** / 0.085* / 0.097** / 0.072 / 0.020
(0.052) / (0.059) / (0.062) / (0.062) / (0.066) / (0.047) / (0.047) / (0.055) / (0.064)
Pests & diseases / -0.159** / 0.166** / 0.179** / 0.251*** / 0.068 / 0.170** / 0.099 / -0.083 / 0.047
(0.073) / (0.071) / (0.087) / (0.081) / (0.074) / (0.071) / (0.061) / (0.064) / (0.089)
Projects &policies / 0.081 / 0.013 / -0.064 / -0.096 / 0.068 / 0.040 / -0.116 / 0.090 / 0.194***
(0.064) / (0.073) / (0.090) / (0.089) / (0.099) / (0.066) / (0.087) / (0.072) / (0.061)
Gender of household head / 0.188* / -0.240** / -0.014 / 0.114 / -0.055 / -0.053 / -0.099 / -0.055 / 0.133*
(0.107) / (0.100) / (0.115) / (0.114) / (0.103) / (0.078) / (0.073) / (0.114) / (0.071)
Household size / -0.003 / -0.003 / -0.007*** / -0.002 / -0.003 / -0.004** / -0.003** / -0.005* / -0.006***
(0.002) / (0.002) / (0.003) / (0.003) / (0.003) / (0.002) / (0.002) / (0.002) / (0.002)
Education of household head / 0.045 / 0.070 / 0.079 / -0.044 / 0.037 / -0.083** / -0.040 / 0.116** / 0.059
(0.062) / (0.054) / (0.070) / (0.059) / (0.064) / (0.033) / (0.037) / (0.057) / (0.068)
Farm production assets / 0.071* / 0.050 / 0.113 / -0.22*** / -0.151* / 0.040 / 0.175*** / 0.040 / 0.032
(0.043) / (0.061) / (0.086) / (0.070) / (0.087) / (0.048) / (0.063) / (0.053) / (0.068)
Access to information / 0.089*** / 0.050* / 0.117*** / 0.070* / 0.074** / 0.043* / 0.077*** / 0.105*** / 0.082***
(0.025) / (0.030) / (0.035) / (0.040) / (0.035) / (0.025) / (0.030) / (0.035) / (0.029)
Access to credit / 0.123** / -0.065 / 0.119 / 0.133* / -0.023 / 0.144* / -0.017 / 0.072 / 0.114
(0.060) / (0.061) / (0.088) / (0.074) / (0.082) / (0.075) / (0.068) / (0.061) / (0.076)
LR chi2 (19) / 175 / 111 / 181 / 129 / 111 / 566 / 155 / 176 / 194
Prob>chi2 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Log likelihood / -422 / -361 / -374 / -402 / -404 / -189 / -432 / -379 / -213
Correctly classified (%) / 66.52 / 68.81 / 74.82 / 73.39 / 70.39 / 80.54 / 76.68 / 68.53 / 72.68

N=699; *** p<0.01. ** p<0.05. * p<0.1; Robust standard errors in parentheses. Errors are clustered at the village level

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