Supplementary material
Table S1 Latitude, longitude, and nearest town of each of the eight sampling sites from which V. rossicum roots were sampled.
Site code / Latitude / Longitude / Nearest townBOTAO / N 43°16'56.6" / W 079°54'05.0" / Hamilton
BRANY / N 43°10'6.8" / W 080°17'19.8" / Brantford
GARNY / N 43°48'00.2" / W 079°23'33.1" / Toronto
HAMIY / N 43°15'57.3" / W 079°56'38.6" / Hamilton
KIRKY / N 44°35'46.5" / W 078°59'55.1" / Kirkfield
OMEMY / N 44°17'33.6" / W 078°35'26.3" / Omemee
ROUGO / N 43°48'11.5" / W 079°8'3.6" / Toronto
SAURO / N 43°44'00.0" / W 079°19'49.0" / Toronto
Table S2 Sequenced fungal isolates from V. rossicum roots and their closest related Genbank sequences. Isolate code is the unique identifier used in this study, to which the accession number is related. Isolates that were sequenced have the length (in number of base pairs) next to their isolate code. The “identified as” column is the taxonomic identification assigned based on both sequence and morphological identification. Blasting was performed in April 2015. * indicates where current nomenclature differs from the name in the closest related Genbank record.
Isolate code (length) / Identified as / Accession number / Closest relative in Genbank(accession number) / Similarity
(Max identity)
MA SAURO4 (525) / Alternaria sp. / KR269880 / Alternaria sp. (DQ779787) / 99%
GR HAMIY2 (594) / Cadophora sp. / KR230073 / Cadophora sp. (JN859258) / 100%
MU OMEMY1 (593) / Cadophora sp. / KR230071 / Cadophora sp. (JN859254) / 99%
GR HAMIY3 (591) / Cadophora sp. / KR230078 / Cadophora sp. (JN859252) / 99%
GR BOTAO1 (610) / Cadophora sp. / KR230080 / Cadophora sp. (JN859252) / 99%
MU KIRKO3 (604) / Cadophora orchidicola* / KR230081 / Leptodontidium orchidicola (AF486133) / 99%
GC SAURO1 (547)
GC HAMIY1
GC HAMIY2 / Colletotrichum sp. / KR230069 / Colletotrichum cf. gloeosporioides
(AY539806) / 99%
Colletotrichum trifolii
(AJ301942) / 99%
Isolate code (length) / Identified as / Accession number / Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number) / Similarity
(Max identity)
M2 ROUGO3 (539) / Colletotrichum sp. / KR269879 / Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (HM241948) / 99%
PU BRANY3 (547) / Colletotrichum sp. / KR230074 / Colletotrichum sp.
(DQ286215) / 99%
PI BOTAO1 (545) / Colletotrichum destructivum / KR230077 / Colletotrichum destructivum (EU070911) / 99%
WH BRANY3 (559) / Eupenicillium euglaucum* / KR269883 / Penicillium euglaucum
(JN617699) / 99%
M1 GARNY1 (563)
M1 GARNY4 / Geniculosporium sp.* / KR230082 / Nemania sp. (FJ210522) / 99%
CO BOTAO2 (557)
CO BOTAO4 / Harpophora graminicola* / KR230068 / Phialophora graminicola (U17218) / 99%
YE BOTAO4 (525) / Ilyonectria sp. / KR230084 / Ilyonectria alcacerensis (NR121498) / 99%
Ilyonectria macrodidyma (JN859422) / 99%
Neonectria sp. (JF429683) / 99%
Isolate code (length) / Identified as / Accession number / Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number) / Similarity
(Max identity)
RE OMEMY1 (506)
RE BOTAO4
RE KIRKO1
RE OMEMY2
RE SAURO1 / Ilyonectria radicicola* / KR230076 / Ilyonectria radicicola (JN129416) / 99%
Neonectria radicicola (GQ131875) / 99%
BL HAMIY4 (561) / Macrophomina phaseolina / KR230079 / Macrophomina phaseolina (EF570500) / 98%
SU HAMIY1 (523)
SU GARNY1
SU ROUGO1
SU ROUGO4
SU SAURO1
SU SAURO2 / Monographella cucumerina* / KR230072 / Plectosphaerella cucumerina (KC427067) / 100%
MP HAMIY4 (509) / Paraphoma sp. / KR230083 / Paraphoma sp.
(FJ903342) / 100%
GR ROUGO4 (514) / Paraphoma chrysanthemicola / KR269881 / Paraphoma chrysanthemicola
(KF251166) / 99%
Isolate code (length) / Identified as / Accession number / Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number) / Similarity
(Max identity)
M3 HAMIY2 (554) / Penicillium camemberti / KR230085 / Penicillium camemberti (KF285997) / 99%
MN ROUGO3 (556) / Phaeocytostroma sp. / KR230075 / Phaeocytostroma plurivorum (FR748046) / 99%
MR ROUGO3 (534) / Phomopsis sp. / KR269882 / Phomopsis sp. (HE774491) / 100%
M3 HAMIY4 (503) / Rhizopycnis vagum / KR230070 / Rhizopycnis vagum
(JN859316) / 99%
13
Table S3 Trial 1 number of V. rossicum plants showing recovery of inoculated and non-inoculated fungi from surface-disinfected roots on APDA. n = total number of plants that were assessed for recovery of inoculated fungi. Note: recovery was not assessed from the Mix.
Fungal treatment / n / Number of plants inoculated fungi recoveredM. phaseolina / 6 / 6
Cadophora sp. / 6 / 6
Ilyonectria radicicola / 6 / 4
Ilyonectria sp. / 6 / 4
Phaeocytostroma sp. / 7 / 5
Phomopsis sp. / 6 / 5
Colletotrichum sp. / 6 / 1
Table S4 Trial 2 number of plants showing recovery of inoculated and non-inoculated fungi from surface disinfected roots of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis on APDA. n = total number of plants that were assessed for recovery of inoculated fungi.
Plant species / Fungal treatment / n / Number of plants inoculated fungi recoveredV. rossicum / Sterile control / 3 / NA
Cadophora sp. / 3 / 2
I. radicicola / 3 / 2
M. phaseolina / 3 / 3
A. syriaca / Sterile control / 3 / NA
Cadophora sp. / 3 / 3
I. radicicola / 3 / 2
M. phaseolina / 3 / 3
S. canadensis / Sterile control / 3 / NA
Cadophora sp. / 3 / 3
I. radicicola / 4 / 4
M. phaseolina / 3 / 3
Table S5 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear model of square-root transformed aboveground biomass of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PUninoculated control
(intercept) / 0.17 (0.02) / 8.36 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.03 (0.03) / -1.05 / 0.574
M. phaseolina / 0.08 (0.03) / 2.77 / 0.035
Ilyonectria sp. / -0.03 (0.03) / -0.91 / 0.646
Phaeocytostroma sp. / 0.05 (0.03) / 1.81 / 0.173
Phomopsis sp. / 0.00 (0.03) / -0.02 / 0.987
Colletotrichum sp. / 0.00 (0.03) / -0.30 / 0.893
I. radicicola / -0.01 (0.03) / -0.29 / 0.893
Mix / -0.01 (0.03) / -0.44 / 0.845
Table S6 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear model of log-transformed total biomass of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PUninoculated control
(intercept) / -2.51 (0.18) / -14.25 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / 0.18 (0.27) / 0.66 / 0.787
M. phaseolina / 0.93 (0.23) / 4.08 / 0.003
Phomopsis sp. / -0.03 (0.27) / -0.11 / 0.959
Phaeocytostroma sp. / 0.66 (0.22) / 2.97 / 0.003
Ilyonectria sp. / -0.11 (0.24) / -0.47 / 0.845
Mix / 0.04 (0.23) / 0.17 / 0.959
Table S7 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear model of root-shoot ratio of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PUninoculated control
(intercept) / 0.16 (0.20) / 0.81 / 0.694
Cadophora sp. / 0.65 (0.31) / 2.11 / 0.142
M. phaseolina / 0.36 (0.26) / 1.38 / 0.377
Ilyonectria sp. / 0.54 (0.27) / 2.00 / 0.142
Phaeocytostroma sp. / 0.51 (0.25) / 2.01 / 0.142
Phomopsis sp. / 0.16 (0.31) / 0.54 / 0.845
Mix / 0.73 (0.26) / 2.81 / 0.035
Table S8 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear models for aboveground biomass of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data for V. rossicum were square-root transformed.
Plant species / Fungal treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PV. rossicum / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 0.18 (0.03) / 5.78 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.03 (0.04) / -0.67 / 0.639
I. radicicola / 0.02 (0.04) / 0.422 / 0.725
M. phaseolina / 0.06 (0.04) / 1.453 / 0.218
Mix / 0.01 (0.04) / 0.16 / 0.874
A. syriaca / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / -1.08 (0.22) / -5.00 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.12 (0.29) / -0.40 / 0.933
I. radicicola / 0.00 (0.29) / -0.01 / 0.994
M. phaseolina / -0.16 (0.29) / -0.56 / 0.923
Mix / -0.07 (0.31) / -0.22 / 0.960
S. canadensis / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 1.34 (0.13) / 10.75 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / 0.02 (0.18) / 0.12 / 0.914
I. radicicola / 0.05 (0.18) / 0.30 / 0.881
M. phaseolina / 0.22 (0.18) / 1.22 / 0.500
Mix / -0.33 (0.18) / -1.85 / 0.228
Table S9 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear models for total biomass for V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data for V. rossicum were square-root transformed.
Plant species / Fungal treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PV. rossicum / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 0.24 (0.05) / 5.33 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / 0.11 (0.06) / 1.81 / 0.124
I. radicicola / 0.18 (0.06) / 2.93 / 0.026
M. phaseolina / 0.26 (0.06) / 4.27 / 0.001
Mix / 0.15 (0.06) / 2.38 / 0.049
A. syriaca / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 1.41 (0.26) / 5.44 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.31 (0.35) / -0.88 / 0.923
I. radicicola / 0.11 (0.35) / 0.33 / 0.933
M. phaseolina / 0.22 (0.35) / 0.63 / 0.923
Mix / 0.01 (0.37) / 0.03 / 0.994
S. canadensis / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 2.86 (0.23) / 12.70 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.12 (0.32) / -0.37 / 0.881
I. radicicola / 0.12 (0.32) / 0.38 / 0.881
M. phaseolina / 0.24 (0.32) / 0.74 / 0.698
Mix / -0.90 (0.32) / -2.83 / 0.034
Table S10 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear models for root-shoot ratio of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2. Standard errors are in brackets. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data for V. rossicum were log transformed.
Plant species / Fungal treatment / Coefficient (standard error) / t / PV. rossicum / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / -0.20 (0.40) / -0.51 / 0.712
Cadophora sp. / 1.56 (0.54) / 2.87 / 0.026
I. radicicola / 1.48 (0.54) / 2.72 / 0.031
M. phaseolina / 1.43 (0.54) / 2.64 / 0.032
Mix / 1.30 (0.57) / 2.30 / 0.051
A. syriaca / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 2.98 (0.45) / 6.58 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.44 (0.61) / -0.72 / 0.923
I. radicicola / 0.51 (0.61) / 0.84 / 0.923
M. phaseolina / 0.86 (0.61) / 1.40 / 0.653
Mix / 0.33 (0.64) / 0.51 / 0.923
S. canadensis / Uninoculated control
(intercept) / 1.14 (0.08) / 13.56 / <0.001
Cadophora sp. / -0.11 (0.12) / -0.93 / 0.606
I. radicicola / 0.01 (0.12) / 0.11 / 0.914
M. phaseolina / -0.13 (0.12) / -1.09 / 0.535
Mix / -0.20 (0.12) / 1.72 / 0.247