Supplementary material. Studies on the influence of land-use/landscape attributes on plant invasions based on a search in the ISI Web of Science accessed in January 2010. We used the following terms in the search in various combinations: (invas* OR alien) AND (land* structure OR fragmentation OR connectivity OR land-use OR land-cover OR land-use change).
Country/Region / Alien species / Ecosystem / Land-use driver / Landscape attribute / Effect on invasion / ReferenceSpain/Macaronesian / several / several / urbanization / dist. to urban areas / ↓ richness / Arévalo et al. 2005
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii / forest / agricultural intensification / length of corredors / ↑ density / Bartuszevige et al. 2006
dist. to nearest town / ↓ density
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii / riparian forest / urbanization / % urban land/ / ↑ cover / Borgmann & Rodewald 2005
trail density
% agricultural land / ↓ cover
USA/steppe / Bromus tectorum / shrubland / fragmentation / dist. to roads/powerlines/ / ↓ occurrence / Bradley & Mustard 2006
increased chanelization
USA/temperate / Solanum nigrum, / forest / agricultural intensification / dist. to agricultural land / ↓ cover, richness / Brothers & Spingarm 1992
Chenopodium album,
Taraxacum officinale,
Rosa multiflora
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to croplands / = richness / Brothers 1993
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to old-fields / ↓ presence / Burke & Nol 1998
Australia/Mediterranean / several / grassland / fragmentation / dist. to urbanized/agricultural land / ↓ cover / Cilliers et al. 2008
South Africa/Mediterranean
USA/temperate / several / grassland / habitat loss / fragment size / = cover, richness / Cully et al. 2003
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / patch connection / = abundance, richness / Damschen et al. 2006
Belgium/temperate / Prunus serotina / hedgerows / fragmentation / hedgerow intersection / ↑ occurrence / Deckers et al. 2005
Catalonia/Mediterranean / Cortaderia selloana / grassland / urbanization / dist. to urbanized land / ↑ occurrence / Domènech et al. 2005
USA/temperate / several / forested wetland / urbanization / dist. to industrial/commercial land / ↑ richness / Ehrenfeld 2008
USA/semiarid / annuals / wetland / urbanization / lowering water tables / ↑ cover / Elmore et al 2003
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii, / deciduous forest / transport corridors / dist. to roads / ↓ density / Flory & Clay 2006
Euonymus alata,
Berberis thunbergii,
Pyrus calleryana
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to edge / ↓ cover / Fraver 1994
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to agricultural/roads/old-fields edges / ↓ cover, richness / Gelhausen et al. 2000
USA/semiarid / several forbs / grassland, shrubland / road improvement / edges in improved roads / ↑ cover, richness / Gelbard & Belnap 2003
Spain/Mediterranean / several / forest / habitat loss / fragment size / ↓ richness / Guirado et al. 2006
dist. to agricultural edge / ↑ richness
dist. to urban edge / = richness
Canada/temperate / perennials / grassland / transport corridors / dist. to roads / = occurrence / Hansen & Clevenger 2005
forest
USA/temperate / Bromus tectorum / several / agricultural intensification / dist. to agricultural land / ↑ cover, richness / Hanson et al. 2008
USA/Mediterranean / several / grassland / habitat loss / patchiness / ↓ richness / Harrison 1999
Belgium/temperate / several / deciduous forest / agricultural intensification / dist. to agricultural land / ↓ cover / Honnay et al. 2002
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii / deciduous forest / agricultural intensification / connectivity to forested land / ↑ cover / Hutchinson & Vankat 1998
India/tropical / Coffea arabica, / forest / agricultural intensification / dist. to agricultural land / ↓ density / Joshi et al. 2009
C. canephora
USA/steppe / Bromus tectorum / shrubland / habitat loss / transformation to grasslands / ↑ occurrence / Knick & Rotenberry 1997
USA/temperate / Chenopodium album, / grassland, shrubland / infrastructure expansion / disturbed patches / ↑ occurrence / Larson et al. 2001
Agropyron cristatum,
Bromus inermis,
Convolvulus arvensis
Mexico/semiarid / Bromus madritensis / succulent scrub / urbanization / fragments within urban land / ↑ cover / Leyva et al. 2006
Australia/temperate / Rubus fruticosus / forest / aforestation / fragments isolation / ↑ occurrence / Lindenmayer & McCarthy 2001
Pinus radiata
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii / forest / fragmentation / dist. to anthropic edge / ↓ seedling density / Luken & Goessling 1995
Canada/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to edge / ↓ abundance / MacQuarrie & Lacroix 2003
Canada/temperate / Phragmites australis / wetland / infrastructure expansion / managed habitats / ↑ spread / Maheu-Giroux & de Blois 2007
Great Britain/oceanic / several / riparian forest / infrastructure expansion / increased chanelization / ↑ abundance / Maskell et al. 2006
USA/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / dist. to edge / = diversity / Matlack 1993
Australia/temperate / several / several / fragmentation / road density / ↑ richness / McIntyre & Lavorel 1994
USA/temperate / Lonicera maackii / forest / land abandonment / dist. to edge and streams / ↓ density / Medley 1997
New Zealand/oceanic / several / forest / agricultural intensification / dist. to agricultural land / ↓ richness / Ohlemüller et al. 2006
patch lobation / = richness
fragment size / ↓ richness
pasture area / ↓ richness
forested area / ↓ richness
USA/temperate / Hypericum perforatum / forest / transport networks / road use intensity / ↑ occurrence / Parendes & Jones 2000
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Trifolium repens
Hypochaeris radicata
Cirsium vulgare
Chile/subalpine / several / forest / transport networks / dist. to road edge / = richness / Pauchard & Alaback 2004
% pasture in the matrix / ↑ richness
USA/subalpine / several / conifer forest / fragmentation / distance to highways / ↓ cover, richness
USA/temperate / Lonicera spp, / riparian forest / fragmentation / dist. to roads / ↓ occurrence / Predick & Turner 2008
Rhamnus spp
Australia/temperate / several / forest / fragmentation / fragment size / = richness / Ross et al. 2002
New Zealand/temperate / several / ruderal / transport networks / dist. to residential structures/houses / ↓ richness / Sullivan et al. 2009
Germany/temperate / Heracleum mantegazzianum / grassland / fragmentation / habitat connectivity/ / ↑ occurrence / Thiele et al. 2008
habitat shape complexity
USA/temperate / Dioscorea oppositifolia / riparian forest / fragmentation / stream connectivity / ↑ occurrence / Thomas et al. 2006
USA/temperate / several / riparian forest / urbanization / adjacency to commercial malls / ↓ cover, richness / Vidra & Shear 2008
Catalonia/Mediterranean / Opuntia maxima / shrubland / urbanization / dist. to urbanized land / ↓ occurrence / Vilà et al. 2003
O. stricta / woodland / urbanization / dist. to urbanized land / ↓ occurrence
USA/temperate / several / forest / urbanization / dist. to roads / ↓ abundance / Watkins et al. 2003
USA/temperate / Cytisus scoparius, / forest / infrastructureexpansion / stream connectivity to road ditches / ↑ occurrence / Watterson & Jones 2006
Digitalis purpurea
USA/temperate / Rosa multiflorum / forest / agriculture intensification / dist. to agriculture land / ↓ occurrence, density / Weber & Gibson 2007
Ligustrum vulgare / = occurrence, density
New Zealand/oceanic / several / rock outcrop / fragmentation / % grassland in the matrix / ↑ richness / Wiser & Buxton 2008
Supplementary material references not listed in the main text:
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Bradley BA, MustardJF (2006) Characterizing the landscape dynamics of an invasive plant and risk of invasion using remote sensing. Ecol Appl16:1132-1147.
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Brothers TS, Spingarn A (1992) Forest fragmentation and alien plant invasion of Central Indianaold-growth forests. Conserv Biol6:91-100.
Burke DM, Nol E (1998) Edge and fragment size effects on the vegetation of deciduous forests in Ontario, Canada. NatAreas J 18:45-53.
Elmore AJ, Mustard JF, Manning SJ (2003) Regional patterns of plant community response to changes in water: Owens Valley, California. Ecol Applic13:443-460.
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Fraver S(1994) Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in the mixed hardwood forests of the RoanokeRiver Basin, North Carolina. Conserv Biol 8:822-832.
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Honnay O, Verheyen K, Hermy M(2002) Permeability of ancient forest edges for weedy plant species invasion. Forest EcolManag161:109-122.
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Matlack GR (1993) Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biol Conserv66:185-194.
Medley KE (1997) Distribution of the non-native shrub Lonicera maackii in Kramer Woods, Ohio. Phys Geogr18:18-36.
Pauchard A, Alaback PB (2006) Edge type defines alien plant species invasions along Pinus contorta burned, highway and clearcut forest edges. Forest Ecol Manag223:327-335.
Predick KI, Turner MG(2008)Landscape configuration and flood frequency influenceinvasive shrubs in floodplain forests of the WisconsinRiver (USA). J Ecol96:91–102.
Ross KA, Fox BJ, Fox MD (2002) Changes to plant species richness in forest fragments: fragment age, disturbance and fire history may be as important as area. J Biogeogr29:749-765.
Thomas JR, Middleton B, Gibson DJ(2006) A landscape perspective of the stream corridor invasion and habitat characteristics of an exotic (Dioscorea oppositifolia) in a pristine watershed in Illinois. Biol Invasions 8:1103-1113.
Watterson NA, Jones JA (2006) Flood and debris flow interactions with roads promote the invasion of exotic plants along steep mountain streams, western Oregon. Geomorphology78:107-123.
Weber JS, Gibson KD (2007) Exotic plant species in old-growth forest in Indiana. Weed Sci55:299-304.
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