Supplementary Material A: Making of Landscape Models

Supplementary Material A: Making of landscape models

Thinking outside the patch: a multi-species comparison of conceptual models from real-world landscapes

Pedro A. Salgueiro, António Mira, João E. Rabaça, Carmo Silva, Sofia Eufrázio, Denis Medinas, Giovanni Manghi, Bruno Silva,Sara M. Santos

Table A1 – Reclassification classes of land-use mapping for Mediterranean oak woodlands. CORINE land cover classes were the starting point for oak woodland landscape reclassification. Only the most representative land-uses are shown until a cumulative sum of 95% cover of the study area.

Reclassification / Original classification
Dense oak woodlands / (2.4.4) Agro-forestry systems (>50% tree cover)
(3.1.1) Broad-leaved forest (>50% tree cover)
(3.1.3) Mixed forest (>50% tree cover)
Grasslands / (2.1.1) Non-irrigated arable land
(2.1.2) Permanently irrigated land
(2.3.1) Pastures
(2.4.1) Annual crops associated with permanent crops
(2.4.2) Complex cultivation patterns
(3.1.1) Broad-leaved forest (<10% tree cover)
(3.2.1) Natural grasslands
(3.2.2) Moors and heathland
Orchards / (2.2.1) Vineyards
(2.2.3) Olive groves
Production forests / (3.1.1) Broad-leaved forest (Eucalyptus sp.)
(3.1.2) Coniferous forest
(3.1.3) Mixed forest dominated by non-native species
Sparse oak woodlands / (2.4.4) Agro-forestry systems (10-50% tree cover)
(3.1.1) Broad-leaved forest (10-50% tree cover)
(3.1.3) Mixed forest (10-50% tree cover)
Urban / (1.1.1) Continuous urban fabric
(1.1.2) Discontinuous urban fabric
(1.2.2) Road and rail networks and associated land
Waterbodies / (5.1.2) Water bodies

Table A2 – Reclassification classes of land-use mapping for Atlantic pine forests. We reclassified a detailed land-use map produced by us using aerial photo-interpretation and field validation. Only the most representative land-uses are shown until a cumulative sum of 95% cover of the study area.

Reclassification / Original classification
Bare Soil / Open areas without vegetation
Rocky habitats
Coastal dunes
Quarries
Broad-leaved forests / Oak forests
Riparian forest
Poplar (Populus sp.) plantations
Farmland / Farmland
Orchards
Grasslands
Non-native plantations / Acacia sp. plantations
Eucalyptus sp. plantations
Pine forests / Maritime pine (Pinuspinaster) forest
Stone pine (Pinuspinea) forest
Mixed pine forest
Shrubland / Shrubland
Urban / Urban area
Green urban areas and parks
Main roads
Young plantations / Young Maritime pine (Pinuspinaster) plantations
Young Stone pine (Pinuspinea) plantations
Young Eucalyptus sp. plantations
Water bodies / Water bodies

Table A3 – List of bird species used to calculate turnover rates from HOF-models for Mediterranean oak woodlands and Atlantic pine forests.

Mediterranean oak woodlands / Atlantic pine forests
Scientific name (Common name) / Scientific name (Common name)
Alectorisrufa (Red-legged partridge) / Certhiabrachydactyla (Short-toed treecreeper)
Cardueliscannabina(Common linnet) / Chloris chloris (European greenfinch)
Cardueliscarduelis (European goldfinch) / Dendrocopos major (Great spotted woodpecker)
Certhiabrachydactyla (Short-toed treecreeper) / Erithacusrubecula (Robin)
Chloris chloris(European greenfinch) / Fringillacoelebs (Common chaffinch)
Cisticolajuncidis (Zittingcisticola) / Garrulusglandarius (Eurasian jay)
Columba palumbus (Common wood pigeon) / Lophophanescristatus (European crested tit)
Coturnixcoturnix (Common quail) / Lullulaarborea (Woodlark)
Cuculuscanorus (Common cuckoo) / Parusater (Coal tit)
Cyanistescaeruleus (Blue tit) / Parus major (Great tit)
Dendrocopos major (Great spotted woodpecker) / Picusviridis (European green woodpecker)
Emberizacalandra (Corn bunting) / Regulusignicapilla (Common firecrest )
Fringillacoelebs (Common chaffinch) / Saxicolarubicola (Stonechat)
Galerida spp. (Crested and Thekla Larks) / Serinusserinus (Serin)
Hippolaispolyglota(Melodious warbler) / Sylvia atricapilla (Eurasian blackcap)
Laniusmeridionalis (Southern grey shrike) / Sylvia melanocephala (Sardinian warbler )
Lanius senator (Woodchat shrike) / Sylvia undata (Dartford warbler)
Lophophanescristatus (European crested ti) / Troglodytes troglodytes (Wren)
Lullulaarborea (Woodlark) / Turdusmerula (Common blackbird)
Lusciniamegarhynchos (Common nightingale) / Turdusviscivorus (Mistle thrush)
Parus major (Great tit)
Passer domesticus (House sparrow)
Passer hispaniolensis (Spanish sparrow)
Pica pica (Eurasian magpie)
Saxicolarubicola (Stonechat)
Serinusserinus (Serin)
Sittaeuropaea (Eurasian nuthatch)
Streptopeliadecaocto (Eurasian collared dove)
Sturnus unicolor (Spotless starling)
Sylvia melanocephala(Sardinian warbler )
Tetraxtetrax (Little bustard)
Turdusmerula(Common blackbird)
Upupaepops(Hoopoe)

Figure A1 – Turnover rates (total turnover: solid line; positive turnover: dashed line, negative turnover: dotted line) calculated from HOF-models approach for bird communities inhabiting each different landscape-context study areas. Community turnovers are found at 1% and 20% tree canopy cover for oak woodlands variegated landscape where a 50% threshold was added following niche clustering assemblages in Salgueiro et al. (submitted). At pine forests mosaic landscape we considered community turnovers at 15%, 50% and 70% tree canopy cover.