Supplemental Material

Marc Wittmann, Kathryn L. Lovero, Scott D. Lane, Martin P. Paulus (2009). Now or later? Striatum and insula activation to immediate versus delayed rewards. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

Table S1. Order of presentation during the delay discounting task.

Trial / Immediate Option
Waiting Period, Reward / Delayed Option
Waiting Period, Reward
1 / 2 sec. , $0.01 / 2 sec., $0.24
2 / 2 sec., $0.06 / 2 sec., $0.24
3 / 2 sec., $0.12 / 2 sec., $0.24
4 / 2 sec., $0.18 / 2 sec., $0.24
5 / 2 sec., $0.24 / 2 sec., $0.24
6 / 2 sec. , $0.01 / 4 sec., $0.24
7 / 2 sec., $0.06 / 4 sec., $0.24
8 / 2 sec., $0.12 / 4 sec., $0.24
9 / 2 sec., $0.18 / 4 sec., $0.24
10 / 2 sec., $0.24 / 4 sec., $0.24
11 / 2 sec. , $0.01 / 16 sec., $0.24
12 / 2 sec., $0.06 / 16 sec., $0.24
13 / 2 sec., $0.12 / 16 sec., $0.24
14 / 2 sec., $0.18 / 16 sec., $0.24
15 / 2 sec., $0.24 / 16 sec., $0.24
16 / 2 sec. , $0.01 / 32 sec., $0.24
17 / 2 sec., $0.06 / 32 sec., $0.24
18 / 2 sec., $0.12 / 32 sec., $0.24
19 / 2 sec., $0.18 / 32 sec., $0.24
20 / 2 sec., $0.24 / 32 sec., $0.24
21 / 2 sec. , $0.01 / 64 sec., $0.24
22 / 2 sec., $0.06 / 64 sec., $0.24
23 / 2 sec., $0.12 / 64 sec., $0.24
24 / 2 sec., $0.18 / 64 sec., $0.24
25 / 2 sec., $0.24 / 64 sec., $0.24

Table S2. Individual subject data for number trials completed, percent immediate choices, average delay period before choice (decision time), k-value, and R-squared value.

Subject / Total Trials / Immediate Choices
(%) / Total Earnings
($) / Average Decision Time (s) / k_value / r_sqr
1 / 21 / 0.333 / 4.80 / 2.51 / 0.05 / 0.95
2 / 40 / 0.6 / 7.46 / 1.70 / 0.163 / 0.93
3 / 38 / 0.526 / 6.87 / 1.88 / 0.176 / 0.91
4 / 36 / 0.472 / 7.22 / 1.38 / 0.076 / 0.96
5 / 21 / 0.19 / 5.04 / 1.88 / 0.003 / 0.99
6 / 31 / 0.387 / 6.73 / 1.86 / 0.071 / 0.97
7 / 21 / 0.143 / 5.04 / 1.92 / 0.008 / 0.99
8 / 36 / 0.472 / 6.98 / 1.90 / 0.11 / 0.9
9 / 21 / 0.19 / 4.98 / 1.35 / 0.019 / 0.99
10 / 40 / 0.6 / 7.07 / 1.63 / 0.176 / 0.91
11 / 36 / 0.528 / 6.75 / 1.83 / 0.165 / 0.92
12 / 42 / 0.643 / 7.18 / 1.49 / 0.197 / 0.91
13 / 35 / 0.543 / 6.79 / 1.37 / 0.159 / 0.9


Table S3. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between choices of immediate rewards > baseline.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
388288 / 1 -36 13 / L R inferior frontal, middle frontal, medial frontal, pre-post central, superior temporal, inferior parietal, insula, striatum, thalamus, posterior cingulate, lingual, cerebellum
1920 / -32 51 3 / L superior frontal, middle frontal
1024 / 29 49 -8 / R middle frontal

Table S4. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between choices of delayed rewards baseline.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
291840 / 2 -38 11 / L R inferior frontal, middle frontal, superior temporal, inferior parietal, insula, striatum, thalamus, posterior cingulate, lingual, cerebellum
20928 / 3 13 43 / L R medial frontal
2432 / -57 -20 26 / L post-central, inferior parietal
1408 / -13 13 -7 / L lentiform nucleus
1216 / -35 41 14 / L superior frontal, middle frontal
896 / -29 42 27 / L superior frontal
832 / 33 -6 -3 / R claustrum
704 / 45 -23 -1 / R superior temporal


Table S5. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between collections of immediate rewards baseline.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
11776 / 30 -76 -16 / R cerebellum
9984 / -35 -71 -18 / L cerebellum
8320 / 54 -45 18 / R inferior parietal, supramarginal, superior temporal, middle temporal
2880 / 10 -61 -3 / R lingual, cerebellum
1920 / -51 -17 -11 / L middle temporal
1600 / 36 -24 8 / R posterior insula, claustrum
1280 / 40 -12 0 / R posterior insula
1152 / 8 -77 19 / R cuneus
1088 / -40 6 -4 / L anterior insula
1024 / 45 -1 -3 / R insula, superior temporal
768 / -40 -21 5 / L posterior insula
768 / -20 -18 14 / L thalamus
704 / 19 -44 28 / R posterior cingulate
704 / -44 -52 50 / L inferior parietal

Table S6. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between collections of delayed rewards baseline.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
55808 / 3 -63 -10 / L R cuneus, lingual, cerebellum, parahippocampal,
13504 / -49 -55 16 / L supramarginal, superior temporal, middle temporal
11840 / 45 -42 18 / R supramarginal, superior temporal, middle temporal
9856 / -29 -12 11 / L putamen, thalamus, lentiform nucleus, posterior insula
6080 / 43 0 3 / R insula
5440 / 5 -8 12 / R thalamus
3008 / 0 -59 62 / L R precuneus
2560 / 26 -14 18 / R lentiform nucleus
2368 / -56 -22 23 / L post-central
1984 / -43 -6 -16 / L middle temporal, parahippocampal
1408 / -33 19 -11 / L inferior frontal, superior temporal
960 / -50 -21 -3 / L superior temporal, middle temporal, posterior insula
704 / -4 -37 39 / L R posterior cingulate


Table S7. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between choices of delayed vs. immediate rewards.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
delayed > immediate choice
1856 / -21 -7 31 / L cingulate
960 / 30 -8 28 / R precentral gyrus (white matter)
immediate > delayed choice
12288 / 11 -75 -1 / R cuneus, lingual, fusiform, cerebellum, parahippocampal
12096 / -38 -34 46 / L pre-postcentral, inferior parietal, supramarginal
2496 / 36 -74 16 / R middle occipital, middle temporal
1984 / 42 -35 46 / R inferior parietal, post-central
1408 / -8 11 10 / L caudate (head and body)
1216 / 11 9 8 / R caudate (head and body)
1024 / 7 -73 47 / R precuneus

Table S8. Brain activation clusters in whole brain analysis (p < 0.05, corrected; V > 704 mL) for the contrast between collections of delayed vs. immediate rewards.

Volume
µl / Talairach
(x y z) / Brain area
delayed > immediate collection
3840 / -25 -80 12 / L cuneus, middle occipital, lingual
3712 / 6 -4 55 / L R medial frontal, cingulate
2944 / 21 -79 18 / R precuneus, cuneus, middle occipital
1728 / 8 -35 -27 / R cerebellum
1280 / 15 15 3 / R caudate (head), putamen, lentiform nucleus
896 / 24 -43 -28 / R cerebellum
832 / -41 -12 52 / L pre-postcentral
704 / -15 10 -2 / L caudate (head), putamen, lentiform nucleus
immediate > delayed collection
832 / -31 -71 -30 / L cerebellum