Suppl. Table 1: Summary of evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms. Quoted names represent paraphyletic lineages.
CLADE / ORGANISMS / EVIDENCE / REFERENCESAMOEBOZOA
Dictyosteliida / Dictyostelium / Full cycle / Erdos et al. 1973, Erdos et al. 1975, Macinnes and Francis 1974
Myxogastriida / several / Full cycle / Fiore-Donno et al. 2005, Martin and Alexopoulos 1969, Collins and Tang 1977
Thecamoebida / Sappinia diploidea, S. pedata / Nuclear fusion / Goodfellow et al. 1974, Michel et al. 2006, Wenrich 1964, Brown et al. 2007
"Hartmannellida" / Copromyxa protea / Life cycle with one trophic stage and two types of cysts (sorocysts and possible zygotic sphaeroocysts) / Brown et al. 2011
Arcellinida / Arcella / Meiosis, actin gene recombination / Mignot and Raikov 1992, Lahr et al. 2011
Paraquadrulla, Heleopera / Nuclear fusion / Luftenegger and Foissner 1991
Difflugia lobostoma, several others / Cellular fusion / Wenrich 1954, Dangeard 1937, Rhumbler 1898, Meisterfeld 2002
"Protosteloids" / several / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages / Shadwick et al. 2009
Archamoebae / Pelomyxa palustris / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages / Whatley and Chapman-Andresen 1990
Entamoeba histolytica / Heterozygosity, full complement of meiotic genes / Blanc et al. 1989, Sargeaunt et al. 1988, Loftus et al. 2005, Ramesh et al. 2005, Stanley 2005
Leptomyxida / Leptomyxa reticulata, Flabelulla baltica + others / Cell fusion / Seravin and Goodkov 1984a, b, Smirnov and Goodkov 199, Dykova et al. 2008
Incertae Sedis / Trichosphaerium / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages, karyogamy / Schaudinn 1899, Schuster 1976
RHIZARIA
Foraminifera / several / Full cycle / Goldstein 1999
Gromiidae / Gromia / Full cycle / Arnold 1972
Euglyphida / Euglypha, Trinema, Tracheleuglypha, Cyphoderia / Cytoplasmic fusion / Reukauf 1912, Penard 1902, Awerintzew 1906, blochmann 1887, Cash et al. 1915, Rhumbler 1898, Chardez 1965, Shconborn and Peschke 1990, Valkanov 1962a
Trinema, Valkanovia, Corythion / Nuclear fusion / Valkanov 1962b, Schonborn and Peschke 1990, Iudina and Sukhanova 2000, Sukhanova and Cheban 1990
Thecofilosea / Pseudodifflugia / Nuclear fusion / Valkanov 1962b
Chlorarachniophyta / Chlorarachnion reptans, Cryptochlora perforans / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages, cell fusion / Grell 1990, Beutlich and Schnetter 1993
Plasmodiophorida / several / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages, meiosis / Braselton 2002
Acantharia, Polycistinea / several / Putative gametes / Anderson 1981, Raikov 1982, Anderson et al. 2002, Febvre et al. 2002
Phaeodaria / Aulacantha scolymantha / Meiosis / Grell and Ruthmann 1964
Vampyrellids / Lateromyxa gallica / Cell fusion / Hulsmann 1993, Ropstorf et al. 1993
Incertae Sedis / Helkesimastix faecicola, Cercomonas longicauda / Cell fusion / Woodcock and Lapage 1915, Woodcock 1916, Karpov 1997, Shirkina 1987
Actinophryiida / several / Nuclear fusion / Mikrjukov and Patterson 2001
Labirynthulidae, Thraustochytriidae / several / Full cycle / Moens and Perkins 1969, Perkins and Amon 1969
EXCAVATA
Heterolobosea / Heteramoeba clara / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages / Droop 1961
Naegleria gruberi / Full complement of meiosis genes / Fritz-Laylin et al 2010
Acrasida* / several / Complex life-cycles, not necessarily indicating sex / Adl et al. 2005
OPISTHOKONTA
Incertae Sedis / Amoebidium parasiticum / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages / Sumbali 2005
“nucleariids” / several, including Fonticula / Life cycle with multiple trophic stages / Brown et al. 2009
* Acrasida have complex life-cycles that do not necessarily indicate sex. Although multiple life-cycle stages are present, (amoeboflagellates and non-flagelated amoebae), they are akin to the sorocarpic stages in Dictyostelium and Copromyxa, which are asexual in those cases. However both Dictyostelium and Copromyxa do not have more than one kind of trophic cell.