Study Guide Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders

The seven general core competency

  1. Patient care.

Demonstrate capability to provide comprehensive patient care that is compassionate, appropriate, and effective for the management of health problems, promotion of health and prevention of disease in the primary health care settings.

  1. Medical knowledge base.

Mastery of a core medical knowledge which includes the biomedical sciences, behavioral sciences, epidemiology and statistics, clinical sciences, the social aspect of medicine and the principles of medical ethics, and apply them.

  1. Clinical skill.

Demonstrate capability to effectively apply clinical skills and interpret the finding in the investigation of patient.

  1. Communication.

Demonstrate capability to communicate effectively and interpersonally to establish rapport eith the patient, family, community at large, and professional associates, that results in effective information exchange, the creation of therapeutically and ethically sound relationship.

  1. Information management.

Demonstrate capability to manager information which includes information access, retrieval, interpretation, appraisal, and application to patient’s specific problem, and maintening records of his or her practice for analysis and improvement.

  1. Professionalism.

Demonstrate a commitment to carrying out professional responsibilities and to personal probity, a dherence to ethical principles, sensitivity to a diverse patient population, and commintment to carrying out continual-self-evaluation of his or her professional standard and competence.

  1. Community-based and health system-based practice.

Demonstrate awareness and responsiveness to large contex and system of health care, and ability to effectively use system resources for optimal patient care.

~ LECTURERS ~

NO / NAME / DEPARTMENT / PHONE
1 / dr. Wayan Suarya, PAK. / Anatomy / 0817355247
2 / dr. I Ketut Karna, AIF., M.Kes. / Fisiology / 08123814104
3 / dr. I Wayan Sugiritama, M.Kes. / Histology / 08164732743
4 / Dr. dr. I Made Jawi, M.Kes / Pharmacology / 08179787972
5 / dr. Ida Bagus Ngurah, M.For. / Pharmacology / 08123687288
6 / dr. A.A.B.N. Nuartha, SpS(K) / Neurology / 08179782240
7 / Dr. dr. DPG. Purwa Samatra, SpS(K) / Neurology / 08123918731
8 / dr. I Made Oka Adnyana, SpS(K) / Neurology / 0817347697
9 / dr. IGN. Budiarsa, SpS / Neurology / 0811399673
10 / dr. IGN. Purna Putra, SpS(K). / Neurology / 08123915763
11 / Dr.dr.AAP laksmi Dewi, Sp.S(K) / Neurology / 0811388818
14 / dr. Desak Ketut Indrasari Utami, SpS. / Neurology / 0811385099
15 / dr. I Putu Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc., SpS(K) / Neurology / 081328049360
16 / dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS / Neurology / 081238701081
17 / dr. I.A. Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S / Neurology / 081337667939
18 / dr. Made Susilawathy, Sp.S / Neurology / 08124690137
19 / dr. Dewi Sutriani Maharini, Sp.A / Pediatric / 08123641466
20 / Prof. DR. dr. Sri Maliawan, SpBS(K) / Neuro Surgery / 0811398466
22 / Dr. dr. Tjok. Gd. Bagus Mahadewa, M.Kes., SpBS(K) Spinal / Neuro Surgery / 0818484654
23 / dr. Wayan Niryana, SpBS(K) / Neuro Surgery / 08179201958
24 / dr. Made Wiranadha, Sp. THT-KL / Otorhinolaryngology / 08123968294
25 / Dr.dr. Putu Pramana Suarjaya, SpAn., M.Kes. / Anasthesi / 0811394811
26 / dr. Widhiasih, Sp.RAD / Radiology / 081916442626
27 / dr. Ni Putu Sriwidnyani, SpPA / Anatomy Phatology / 081337115012
28 / dr. I Nyoman Wande, SpPK / Clinical Phatology / 08128768555
29 / dr. Muliani, M.Biomed / Anatomy / 085103043575

~ FACILITATORS ~

Regular Class (Class A)

No / Name / Group / Departement / Phone / Venue
(3rd floor)
1 / dr. Ni Made Renny Anggreni Rena , Sp.PD / A1 / Interna / 081803651656 / 3nd floor: R.3.01
2 / dr. I Made Krisna Dinata, S.Ked / A2 / Fisiology / 08174742566 / 3nd floor: R.3.02
3 / dr. I Made Dwijaputra Ayustha, Sp.Rad / A3 / Radiology / 08123670196 / 3nd floor: R.3.03
4 / dr. I Made Bagiada, Sp.PD / A4 / Interna / 08123607874 / 3nd floor: R.3.04
5 / dr. I Made Agus Kresna Sucandra, Sp.An / A5 / Anasthesi / 08123621422 / 3nd floor: R.3.05
6 / dr. I Ketut Wibawa Nada, Sp.An / A6 / Anasthesi / 08123650164 / 3nd floor: R.3.06
7 / dr. I Ketut Suanda, Sp.THT-KL / A7 / ENT / 081337788377 / 3nd floor: R.3.07
8 / dr. I Made Pande Dwipayana, Sp.PD / A8 / Interna / 08123657130 / 3nd floor: R.3.08
9 / dr I Gusti Ayu Dewi Ratnayanti, M.Biomed / A9 / Histology / 087761499889 / 3nd floor: R.3.20
10 / dr. I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa , Sp.An / A10 / Anasthesi / 0811396811 / 3nd floor: R.3.21
11 / dr. I Gde Haryo Ganesha, S.Ked / A11 / DME / 081805391039 / 3nd floor: R.3.22
12 / dr. Ni Wayan Winarti , Sp.PA / A12 / Anatomy Pathology / 087860990701 / 3nd floor: R.3.23

English Class (Class B)

No / Name / Group / Departement / Phone / Venue
(3rd floor)
1 / dr. I Gusti Nyoman Darma Putra , Sp.KK / B1 / Dermatology / 08124644451 / 3nd floor: R.3.01
2 / dr. I Gusti Ayu Sri Mahendra Dewi, Sp.PA(K) / B2 / Anatomy Pathology / 081338736481 / 3nd floor: R.3.02
3 / dr. I Gusti Ayu Sri Darmayani, Sp.OG / B3 / DME / 081338644411 / 3nd floor: R.3.03
4 / dr. I Gusti Ayu Putu Eka Pratiwi, M.Kes.,Sp.A / B4 / Pediatric / 08123920750 / 3nd floor: R.3.04
5 / dr. Made Agus Dwianthara Sueta, Sp.B / B5 / Surgery / 081338648424 / 3nd floor: R.3.05
6 / dr. I Putu Eka Widyadharma, MSc,SpS / B6 / Neurology / 081328049360 / 3nd floor: R.3.06
7 / dr. I Gst.Ngr.Ketut Budiarsa , Sp.S / B7 / Neurology / 0811399673 / 3nd floor: R.3.07
8 / dr. I Gede Ketut Sajinadiyasa, Sp.PD / B8 / Interna / 081237068670 / 3nd floor: R.3.08
9 / dr. I Wayan Juli Sumadi, Sp.PA / B9 / Anatomy Pathology / 082237407778 / 3nd floor: R.3.20
10 / dr. I Made Muliarta, M.Kes / B10 / Fisiology / 081338505350 / 3nd floor: R.3.21
11 / dr. Ni Made Linawati,M.Si / B11 / Histology / 081337222567 / 3nd floor: R.3.22
12 / dr. I B. Putrawan, Sp.PD / B12 / Interna / 081236194672 / 3nd floor: R.3.23

Basic Neuroscience Semester IV

Topic and Schedule Regular and English Class

Day/Date / Activity / Class B / Class A / Venues / Conveyer
1
March27th 2015 / Introduction lecture.
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
-
Class room / dr. K. Karna.
Facilitators
dr. K. Karna.
2
March30th 2015 / Lecture
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
-
Class room / dr. K. Karna
Facilitators
dr. K. Karna
3
March31th 2015 / Lecture: Nervous system: neuron, synapsis, medulla spinalis, nn cranialis, brain stem.
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
-
Class room / dr. Suarya
Facilitators
dr. Suarya
4
April1st 2015 / Lecture formation reticularis, cerebellum, telencehalon.
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
Class room / dr. Suarya
Facilitators
dr. Suarya
5
April2nd 2015 / Lecture diencephalon, ganglia basalia, saraf pembau, meningen, liquor, vascularisasi SSP
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
Class room / dr. Suarya
Facilitators
dr. Suarya
6
April6th 2015 / Lecture
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
Class room / Histology/Pathology Anatomy
Histology
Pathology Anat
7
April7th 2015 / Lecture
Individual Learning
SGD
Break
SP/Self Assessment
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
12.00-13.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
-
Discussion room
-
Class room / Clinical Patho.
Pharmacology
Facilitators
Clinical phato. &
Pharmacology
8
April8th 2015 / Evaluation / 09.00-11.00 / 09.00-11.00 / Class room / LECTURER,
FACILITATORS.

Clinical Neuroscience Semester IV

Topic and Schedule Regular and English Class

Date / Topic/Module / Class B / Class A / Venues / Conveyer
1
April 9th
2015 / Vertigo, bell’s palsyand Meniere Disease
Hearing loss and Tinnitus
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. IA Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
dr. Made Wiranadha Sp.THTKL
Facilitators.
Topik: Cerebral Palsy
Lesi batang otak
dr. IA Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
dr. Made Wiranadha Sp.THTKL
2
April 10th
2015 / Kejang Demam (pediatric)
Seizure, Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Dewi Sutriani Maharini, Sp.A
Dr. dr. DPG Purwa Samatra, Sp.S(K)
Facilitators.
Topik: Duchene muscular dystrophy, pina Bifida, fenilketonuria
dr. Dewi Sutriani Maharini, Sp.A/Dr.dr. DPG Purwa Samatra, Sp.S(K).
3
April13th
2015 / Tension Headache and Cluster
Imaging interpretasi x-Ray tengkorak dan tulang belakang
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Made Oka Adnyana, Sp.S(K)
dr. Made Widhiasih, SpRad
Facilitators.
Topik: artritis kranial, CT can otak dan interpretasi
dr. Made Oka Adnyana, Sp.S(K)/
dr. Made Widhiasih, SpRad
4
April14th
2015 / Migren and Neuralgia Trigeminal
Imaging
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Made Oka Adnyana, Sp.S(K)
dr. Made Widhi Asih, SpRad
Facilitators.
dr. Made Oka Adnyana, Sp.S(K)/dr. Made Widhi Asih, SpRad
5
April15th
2015 / HNP, Radicular syndrome,Neurogenic Bladder
Acute and refered pain
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS
Dr. dr. Pt. Pramana, Sp.AN., M.Kes.
Facilitators.
dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS/Dr. dr. Pt. Pramana, Sp.AN.,M.Kes.
6
April16th
2015 / Dementia/Alzheimer
Movement Disorder/
Neurogeriatric
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc,Sp.S(K)
dr. IA Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
Facilitators.
Topik: Alzheimer, MCI, Afasia, gangguan gerak lainnya
dr. Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc,Sp.S(K)/
dr. IA Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
7
April17th
2015 / CTS, TTS, peroneal palsy
Neuropathic pain, neuropati, HNP
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. Room
Class room / dr. Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc,Sp.S(K)
dr. Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc,Sp.S(K)
Facilitators.
Topik: ALS, Multiple sclerosis
dr Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc,Sp.S(K
8
April 20th
2015 / CNS Tumor primer dan sekunder
Traumatic Brain Injury, hematom epidural, hematom subdural.
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Class room
Disc. room
Class room / dr. Made Susilawathi, Sp.S
Prof. Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan, SpBS(K)
Facilitators.
Topik: hidrosefalus
dr. Made Susilawathi, Sp.S/ Prof. Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan, SpBS(K)
9
April 21st
2015 / TIA, Infark cerebral, hematoma intraserebral, SAH
Stroke 2 ( manage )
Stroke 3 ( surgical )
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-09.00
10.00-10.30
10.30-11.00
09.00-10.00
11.00-12.30
12.30-13.00
13.00-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-10.00
11.00-11.30
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.00
13.30-15.00
13.00-13.30
12.00-13.00
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Disc. room
Class room / dr. AABN. Nuartha, Sp.S(K)
dr. AABN. Nuartha, Sp.S(K)
dr. Wayan Niryana, M.Kes, SpBS(k)
Facilitators.
dr. AABN. Nuartha, Sp.S(K)/dr. Wayan Niryana, M.Kes, SpBS
10
April 22nd
2015 / Trauma Medula spinalis, Complete spinal transection, acute medulla compression
Amnesia Pasca Trauma
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Disc. room
Class room / Dr.dr. Tjokorda GB. Mahadewa, M.Kes., SpBS(K)Spinal
dr. IGN. Budiarsa, Sp.S
Facilitators.
Topik: sindrom kauda equina, Siringomyelia, mielopati, dorsal root syndrome
Dr.dr. TjokordaGB. Mahadewa, M.Kes., SpBS(K)Spinal/dr. IGN. Budiarsa, Sp.S
11
April23th
2015 / GBS, Myastenia Grafis
Ensefalopati, Koma
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Disc room
Class room / dr. IGN Budiarsa, Sp.S
dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS
Facilitators.
Topik: Mati batang otak, syndrome horner
dr. IGN Budiarsa, Sp.S/
dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS
12
April 24th
2015 / Meningitis, ensefalitis, malaria serebral, Rabies
CNS HIV/AIDS, Poliomielitis, tetanus, tetanus neonatorum
IL/Self Ass.
SGD
Break.
Student project
Plenary / 08.00-08.30
08.30-09.00
09.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.00 / 09.00-09.30
09.30-10.00
10.00-11.30
13.30-15.00
11.30-12.00
10.00-11.30
15.00-16.00 / Class room
Disc room
Class room / dr. Susilawathi, Sp.S
dr. Indrasari Utami, Sp.S
Facilitators.
Topik: infeksi sitomegalo virus, toksoplasmosis serebral, abses otak
dr. Susilawathi, Sp.S/
dr. Indrasari Utami, Sp.S
April 27th
2015
April 28th
2015
April 29th
2015
April307th
2015
May 4th
2015 / Basic clinical skill
Fungsi saraf kranial
Basic clinical skill
Motorik, koordinasi, sensorik
Basic clinical skill
Fungsi luhur dan refleks
Basic clinical skill
Tulang belakang dan meningeal sign, tanda ischialgia
Basic clinical skill
Pemeriksaan Diagnostik
Radiologi dan elektrodiagnostik / 08.00-11.00
08.00-11.00
08.00-11.00
08.00-11.00
08.00-11.00 / 11.00-13.00
11.00-13.00
11.00-13.00
11.00-13.00
11.00-13.00 / Skill Lab
Skill Lab
Skill Lab
Skill Lab
Skill Lab / dr. I.A Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
dr. I Putu Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc, Sp.S(K)
dr.DSK. Indrasari Utami, Sp.S
dr. Ni Made Susilawathi, Sp.S
dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS
May 7th
2015 / EVALUATION / 08.30-10.30 / 08.30-10.30

Team lectures:

  1. dr. Wayan Suarya, PAK.
  2. dr. I Ketut Karna, AIF., M.Kes.
  3. Prof. Dr.dr. Nyoman Mangku Karmaya, M.Repro.
  4. dr. I Wayan sugiritama, M.Kes.
  5. Dr. dr. I Made Jawi, M.Kes.
  6. dr. Ida Bagus Ngurah, M.For.
  7. dr. A.A.B.N. Nuartha, Sp.S(K)
  8. Dr. dr. DPG. Purwa Samatra, Sp.S(K)
  9. dr. I Made Oka Adnyana, Sp.S(K)
  10. dr. IGN. Budiarsa, Sp.S
  11. dr. Desak Ketut Indrasari Utami, Sp.S
  12. dr. I Putu Eka Widyadharma, M.Sc., Sp.S(K)
  13. dr. Kumara Tini, Sp.S, FINS
/
  1. dr. I.A Sri Wijayanti, M.Biomed, Sp.S
  2. dr. Made Susilawathy, Sp.S
  3. dr. Dewi Sutriani Maharini, Sp.A
  4. Prof. Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan, Sp.BS(K)
  5. Dr.dr. Tjokorda GB. Mahadewa, M.Kes., Sp.BS(K)Spinal
  6. dr. Wayan Niryana, M.Kes, Sp.BS(K)
  7. dr. Made Wiranadha Sp.THTKL
  8. Dr.dr.Putu Premana Suarjaya, Sp.An., M.Kes.
  9. dr. Made Widhi Asih, Sp.Rad
  10. dr. Ni Putu Sriwidyani, Sp.PA
  11. dr. I Nyoman Wande, Sp.PK

LEARNING PROGRAME BASIC NEUROSCIENCE

Day 1st

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

dr. K. Karna, PFK, M.Erg.

AIMS :

To comprehend the general functions of the nervous system include sensory detection, information processing and responsible for controlling a variety of bodily activities such as contraction of muscle and secretion of gland.

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

Apply its concepts and principles in the approach of patient with neurological disorders

CURRICULUM CONTENTS :

  1. GENERAL DESIGN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (NS)
  1. Cells of the NS (Neurone and Neuroglia)
  2. Sensory division of the NS – sensory receptors
  3. Motor division – the effectors
  4. Processing of information – memory
  5. Memory storage
  1. MAJOR LEVEL OF THE CNS
  1. Cortical level
  2. Subcortical level
  3. Spinal cord level
  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNAPSES
  1. Types of synapses
  2. Physiologic anatomy of the synapses
  3. Chemical substances that function at synaptic transmission
  4. Electrical events during neuronal excitation and inhibition
  5. Special function of dendrites in exciting neurons
  6. Relation of state of excitation - the neuron to rate of firing
  7. Some special characteristics of synaptic transmission.

ABSTRACT

  1. The nervous system (NS) includes both sensory (input) and motor (output) system interconnected by complex intgrative mechanisms.

The nervous system divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

a.The CNS includes the brain and and spinal cord, which contain nuclei and tracts. Nuclei are grouping of neuron cell bodies within the CNS. Tract are grouping nerve fibers that interconnect regions of the CNS

b.The PNS consists of nerves, ganglia and nerve plexuses. Nerve is cablelike collection of many axons, may be mixed (contains both sensory and motor fibers). Ganglia is grouping of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

  1. Cells of the nervous system

The NS is composed primarily of two cell types are found in CNS & PNS

a.The neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the NS, which typically consist of a cell body (soma), several dendrites, and a single axon. Neuron structure is related to function, which have receptive and integrative zone (dendrite and cell body), trigger zone (axon hillock), and conductive region (axon) especially in terminal end of axon has secretive synaptic transmitter.

Electrochemical activity in neuron include

-Membrane potential: polarization, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.

-Graded electrogenesis: i.e graded potential, receptor potential, EPSP, IPSP.

-Site of origin of conducted impuls (action potential), all or none transmission, incoming signal in terminal end of the axon as trigger to secreting transmitter synaptic

Neuron communicate with muscle, gland, and other neurons at junction its called neuromyal junction, neuroglandular, and synapses. Synapses are found in dendrite, soma, and axon (axodendrtic, axosomatic, axoaxonic synapses).

b.The four major types of glial cells (Neuroglia ) in the CNS are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Glial cells help support the neuron both physically and metabolically. For instance function of the astrocytes as glue, scaffold, establishing blood brain barrier, repair brain injuries and neural scar formation, take up glutamate and GABA, take up excess K+ ECS, and enhance synaptic formation and to strengthen synaptic transmission. oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath, line internal cavity of the CNS contribute to the formation CSF (ependymal cells), microglia as scavenger.

c.Synaptic transmission involves release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell, diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft and binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. It ends when the neurotransmitter dissociates from the receptor and is removed from the synaptic cleft.

  1. Much of the activity in the NS arises from mechanism that stimulate sensory receptor located at the distal termination of sensory neuron. Signal travel over peripheral nerves to reach the spinal cord and are then transmitted throughout the brain. Incoming sensory massages are processed and integrative with information stored in various pools of neurons such that the resulting signals can be used to generate appopriate motor response
  1. SELF – STUDY , ESSAY QUESTION
  1. Describe the structure of neuron and explain significance of its principal regions.
  2. Classify neurons on the basis of their structure and function.
  3. Describe the location, the major types, and functions of the supporting cells.
  4. Explain how the graded potential and action potential differ
  5. Define polarization, depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization.
  6. Explain the actions of voltage regulated Na+ and K+ channels and describe the event that occur during the production of an action potential.
  7. Explain how action potentials are regenerated a long myelinated and non myelinated axon..
  8. Describe the events that occur in the interval between the electrical excitation of axon and the release of neurotransmitter.
  9. Compare the characteristics of EPSPs and action potential
  10. Explain the synaptic transmission exhibits special characteristic
  11. Explain how sensory receptors are categorizeds. Give examples of functional of functional categories and explain how tonic and phasic receptors differ
  12. Describe the classification of the sensory division – sensory receptors.
  13. Give examples of different types of cutaneous receptors (somatosensory receptors) and describe the neural pathways for the cutaneous senses
  14. Explain how the mechanical energy is tranduced/ converted into nerve impulses by the organ Corti and how pitch perception is accomplished.
  15. Give examples the following modalities are tested : sense of pain, temperatur, touch, vibration , and sense of positition
  16. Distinguish between and compare monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.
  1. Scenario / case study

a)A man falls into deep sleep with one arm under his head. This arm is paralyzed when he awakens, but it tingles, and pain sensation in it is still intact

  1. What is the reason for the loss of the motor function without loss of pain sensation is that in the nerves to his arm
  2. What is a thorough general physical examination should be made in this case.
  3. Which one of the sensory test should be done
  4. Which one of the reflex test should be done
  5. Describe general physical examination should always be done in motor system of this case

b) Arthritis is common painfull condition caused by inflammation of one or more joints.

1. Why the joint to developed hyperalgesia in this case?

c) In some diseases of the NS, myelin may be lost over one or more internodes of many axons without interruption of the axon. For instance Guilain – Barre syndrome, diphtheria, and multple sclerosis

1. Why the conduction of nerve impulses may be slowed or blocked.

d) 74-year-old man suddenly found that he couldnot move his left arm and leg.

Examination in the emergency departement demonstrated weakness in the left arm and leg, especially in the distal part of these extremities.The patient also had difficulty in using the muscles of his lower face, and the left side of his tongue was not as strong as the right side. Babinski’s sign was present on the left side. In an examination 1 month later, the distribution of weakness had not changed, although the weakness was not quite as profound. The left biceps, triceps, patellar, and ankle jerk reflexes were markedly increase, and there was ankle clonus on the left. The ability of the patient to recognize tactile and vibratory stimuli was reduced on the left side of the face and body and proprioception was impaired in the left arm and leg.

  1. Which part of the NS is most likely affected by the stroke? (spinal cord on the left, precentral and post central gyri on the right, internal capsul on the right, cerebellar on the left, BG on the right.)
  2. Which of the following provides evidence indicating that the paralysis is of the spastic type

Day 2nd

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

dr. K. Karna, PFK, M.Erg.

  1. ABSTRACT
  1. The motor division of the NS as responsible for controlling a variety of bodily activities such contraction of muscle and secretion by exocrine and endocrine glands. Actually, only a relatively small proportion of the sensory input receive by the brain is use to generate an immediate motor response. Much of it is discarded as irrelevant to the function at hand. Sensory input can be stored in the form of memory. Information stored as memory can become part of the processing mechanism used to manage subsequent sensory input. The brain compare new sensory experiences with those stored and in this way develops successfull strategies to form a motor output
  1. SELF – STUDY , ESSAY QUESTION
  1. Give examples of strech reflexes, including those that are frequently tested clinically.
  2. Describe the muscle spindles and analyze their function as part of feed back system that maintains muscle force
  3. Describe the Golgi tendon organs and analyze their function as part of feed-back system that maintains muscle force
  4. Define reciprocal innervation, inverse stretch reflex, clonus and lengthening reaction
  5. Describe in general terms how posture and movement are regulated
  6. Discuss the function of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts in skilled voluntary movement
  7. Describe the postural reflexes that are integrated in the medulla oblongata, the pons, the midbrain, in the cerebral cortex.
  8. What is meant by the terms upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron?.Contrast the effects of lower motor neuron lesions with those of lesions affecting each of types of upper motor neurons
  9. What is the Babinski sign? What is it physiologic and pathologic significance?
  1. Scenario / case study

a) 78-year-old man suddenly developed a right sided hemiplegia. He was unable to give a satisfactory history because the only words that he could speake were curse words. However, he did not his had approciately response to questions