Study Guide for Human Body Assessment
Circulatory System
transports materials to and from cells; transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes; fights infection; helps regulate body temperature
Endocrine System
controls growth and development and energy processes; controls many body processes by means of chemicals; helps maintain homeostasis
Muscular System
with skeletal system enables movement of the body and internal organs; helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system
Digestive System
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; removes wastes
Nervous System
Controls body's responses to changes in inside and outside environments; Detects information from the environment and controls body functions
Skeletal System
Supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells
Respiratory System
brings in oxygen needed by cells; and removes carbon dioxide from body
Excretory System
Removes wastes products from the body
List the 10 organ systems (note, sometimes these are separated into more than 10 systems, such as urinary and excretory)
1) Circulatory 2) Digestive 3)Endocrine 4) Excretory 5)Muscular 6) Nervous 7) Respiratory 8) Skeletal 9) Integumentary System 10) Reproductive System
What are the four levels of organization in the human body?
1) cells 2) tissues 3) organs 4) organ systems
What is the largest level or organization in the human body?
organ system
What is the smallest unit of organization in the human body? cell
cell
the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing
cell membrane
forms the outside boundary of the cell
nucleus
the control center located inside the cell membrane and directs the cell's activities and contains information that determines the cell's characteristics.
cytoplasm
a clear, jelly-like substance found between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which many important cell structures are found
What is the function of the nucleus?
to act as a control center - directing the cell's activities
tissue
group of similar cells that form the same function
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
1) muscle tissue 2) nerve tissue 3) connective tissue 4) epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
they contract and shorten thus making parts of the body move
nerve tissue
carry messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
What type of tissue is the brain made of?
nerve tissue
connective tissue
it provides support for your body and connects all its parts
What is one type of connective tissue? Bone
Epithelial tissue
covers the surfaces of your body, inside and out.
What is the name of the outermost layer of epithelial tissue? skin
What are some types of connective tissue?
fat, cartilage, bones, and tendons
What types of things are made of nerve tissue?
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
What do skin cells help do?
They form a protective barrier against the environment outside the body.
organ
structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue and perform a specific job.
Which is more complex - the job of an organ or a tissue?
the organ
Which organ contains all four types of tissue (muscle, nerve, connective, and epithelial)? The heart
organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
What works together and depend upon one another? organ systems
homeostasis
the body's tendency to maintain internal balance. It is the process by which an ORGANISM'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS KEPT STABLE IN SPITE OF CHANGES IN THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT
What are some ways your body maintains homeostasis?
When your body is hungry or thirsty, the brain sends signals telling you to eat or drink. Another way the body provides this is through perspiration. The sweat is the body's way of maintaining a constant temperature on a hot day.
stress
The reaction of your body and mind to threatening, challenging, or disturbing events.
What is one way to upset homeostasis? Stress
What are some physical responses to stress?
1) hearing ability increases 2) sweating increases 3) muscles become tense 4) pupils of eyes widen 5) heart rate increases 6) digestive system slows 7) more blood goes to the brain
adrenaline
a chemical the body releases during the alarm stage
What is the purpose of adrenaline in the body?
It gives you a burst of energy and causes many other changeswhich prepares the body to take quick action.
Fight or flight
a reaction caused by adrenaline that prepares one to either fight the stressor or take flight and escape.
What are three helpful ways of dealing with stress?
1) physical activity 2) talk about the situation 3) accept and deal with the problem.
What is the order of body organization from smallest to largest level of organization?
cell, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Integumentary System
the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body, the skin and its accessory structures such as hair and nails
Reproductive System
organsand tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring; produces delivers sex cells; in females, nurtures/protects developing embryo
Structures of Skeletal System
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
Structures of Integumentary System
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Structures of Muscular System
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Structures of Circulatory System
heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Structures of Respiratory System
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Structures of Digestive System
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, large intestine, rectum
Structures of Excretory System
skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, urinary, bladder, ureters, urethra
Structures of Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Structures of Endocrine System
glands - such as thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and others
Structures of Reproductive System
in males - testes, ducts, urethra, penis
in females - ovaries, ducts, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
skeleton
the inner framework made up of all the bones of the body
axial: skull, vertebrae, ribs appendicular: shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, feet
How does the body move?
muscles and bones work together making it possible and nervous system tells the muscles when to act
joint - A place in the body where two bones come together
Which systems move materials in your body?
circulatory, respiratory, digestive and excretory
What are the body systems involved in getting oxygen to your cells?
respiratory, circulatory, muscular and nervous
How is absorption an important function of the digestive system?
helps move nutrients through the blood to cells
nutrient
a substance in food that provides energy or helps form body tissues and that is necessary for life and growth; body needs these to carry out processes such as contracting muscles
absorption
process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the bloodstream
glands
organs that secrete chemical signals (hormones) into the bloodstream
Which systems control body functions?
nervous and endocrine systems
stimulus
any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react
response
what the body does in reaction to a stimulus
hormones
chemical signals or messengers released by the endocrine glands; transported through body by the circulatory system
How does your body stay in balance?
all the systems work together to maintain homeostasis - regulating temperature, meeting energy needs, maintaining water balance, keeping your balance, responding to stress, and fighting disease
Bone tissue and fat tissue are examples of what?
connective tissue
What forms the outside border of a cell?
cell membrane
Signals from what make skeletal muscles move?
nervous system
What is a chemical signal that controls one or more body processes?
Hormone
What is an example of a hinge joint?
knee or elbow
Where is the only saddle joint located in the human body? The thumb
How many chromosomes do humans have? 23 pairs (46 total)
The type of reproduction of humans, in which the offspring have a combination of both parents chromosomes is called Sexual reproduction