Study Guide for Bacteria (prokaryotes), viruses, and the Immune System
Know the definitions and be able to give and example of the following vocabulary:
Archaebacteria eubacteria eukaryote viruses conjugation
Obligate aerobes endospores prokaryote bacillus coccus
facultative aerobes disinfectants chemotrophic phototrophic pathogen
capsid prions lytic lysogenic viroid
Why viruses are considered non-living
How viruses and bacteria are classified
The anatomy of a virus and bacterium
Difference between a virus, prion and viroid
Lytic vs. lysogenic viral replication
Retroviruses
Reverse Transcriptase
Prokaryote anatomy
Pathogenic – disease causing
Archaea vs. eubacteria
Vaccines – What they are and how they work
Specific vs nonspecific immune response
First line of defenses against pathogens – skin, mucus membranes, stomach acid, etc…
Macrophage
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T- Cells or killer T-cells
B- Cells
Antibodies
Antigens
Autoimmune Diseases – What they do
HIV and AIDS
Examples of viral vs. bacterial diseases
Aerobic vs. anaerobes
Obligate vs. facultative aerobes and anaerobes
Gram Staining
Phototrophic
Chemotrophic
Chemoautotrophic
Conjugation
Binary Fission
Understand viruses link to some cancers
Lymphocytes
Why the emergence of new diseases
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
How the scientific method was used by the CDC to provide evidence that HIV is sexually transmitted and that HIV is carried in the blood/fluids of individuals.
What does Gram staining tell us? How does it relate to cell walls, toxins, ability to survive the immune system, and susceptibility to disinfectants. What color are the Gram + and Gram – stained? Why is over use of an antibiotic a problem?
What are some of the extreme conditions in which we find archaebacteria and how do they survive there?
Be aware of the most common viral diseases as opposed to the most common bacterial diseases. Which viruses are linked to causing cancer? What was the purpose of the isolation streak pattern?
Be aware of the 3 most common bacterial shapes and what they are called. Know the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in size chromosomes, method of reproduction and organelles. What is peptidoglycan? What compound must be available to allow bacteria and all other life to exist?
What is conjugation? What does it? How does it occur? What specialized structures are necessary? What is an endospore and why is it useful? What does the term obligate parasite mean?
Why are viruses considered non-living? Why do we study them in biology which is the study of life? Name three things that are used to classify viruses. What parts are they composed of? Do they contain RNA, DNA, both, or either? What is a difference between viruses and prions?
What must a cell have on its surface before a virus can infect it? Why don’t antibiotics affect viruses? What is the best way to fight viral diseases?
What are the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses? Be able to identify what is happening in both cycles. What does reverse transcriptase do?
Why are we seeing the emergence of so many new viruses now? What do we think viruses came from? How does HIV cause AIDS?