Study Guide BIOL 2402 : Exam III.

The In Class Exam will only cover the Respiratory System (70% of Exam III grade)

The Online Exam will cover Lymphatic/Immunology (Chapter 22: 30% of Exam III grade)

  1. Know the difference between conducting zone and respiratory zone. What organs and structures belong to each system ?
  2. What structural differences occur in the lining of the respiratory system when we go from nose to alveoli ?
  3. What is the main organization of the Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli ? How do you distinguish between a bronchus and a bronchioles ? Which airways structures have the most influence on resistance ?
  4. What is the organization of the alveoli, what cells are important ? What is, and how does the respiratory membrane relate to this ? How thick is a respiratory membrane ? How does diffusion and Fick’s diffusion equation relate to the overall diffusion of gases in your lungs ?
  5. What are the pleura and what is intrapulmonary pressure, interpulmonary pressure and transpulmonary pressure ? How does inspiration work ? How does expiration work ? How do all these pressures change during inspiration and expiration ? Look at the graphs of pressure changes during inspiration/expiration with respect to these pressures. What is atelactasis ?
  6. What is compliance and how does it affect respiration ? What other factors affect respiration ?
  7. Know your respiratory volumes and their meaning ! What is minute respiration rate, alveolar respiration rate and what does their ratio indicate ? Can you calculate these values ? What is the importance of dead space ?
  1. Which other Laws of Physics have we seen and how do they apply to respiration ? Boyle’s law ? Dalton’s Law ? Henry’s Law ? LaPlace’s Law ?
  2. What are the typical gases in air ? Do you know how to calculate the partial pressures of these gases in a gas mixture ? How is partial pressure expressed ? What are the partial pressures of the important gases outside the lungs and inside the lungs ? Explain the difference.
  3. Which of the above Laws is directly involved in diffusion of gases from a gas state into a liquid state ? Which gas dissolves easiest in a liquid ? Which the least ?
  4. What is external respiration and internal respiration ? Which gas has a major effect on the diameters of the bronchioli and which gas controls arteriole supply to alveoli ? What are some examples of pulmonary diseases that were discussed ?
  5. What is the demand of the body at rest with respect to oxygen ? How much gas is dissolved in total blood with or without Hemoglobin ? How does this relate to having an efficient cardiac output ? (Look at the table that compares oxygen demand and cardiac output). What would happen if we had less hemoglobin ?
  6. How many red blood cells do we have ? How does the main structure of hemoglobin look like ? What is the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve ? What is total oxygen capacity of human blood ? What is the P50 and what does it mean ?
  7. Can you use an oxygen dissociation curve to predict how much oxygen is liberated (unloaded) between two areas of different partial pressures of oxygen ?
  8. What factors did we look at that affect the oxygen dissociation curve ?
  9. What is the cycle of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and tissues and how do the red blood cells help out ? How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood ? What is the chloride shift ?
  10. What are the respiratory centers, what are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers, and what are the respiratory reflexes. Which gas in our blood has the most control over these ? What is the Haldane effect ?
  11. What is are some typical lung diseases. What is the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung disease ? What are some examples of these diseases and how does spirometry show these differences ?