Study Guide and Review Material for 1st Quarter Midterm

Unit 1: The Scientific Method

  1. The step-by-step process of discovery that leads to new facts is ______.
  2. A prediction about what will happen in an experiment is a ______.
  3. A procedure for testing a hypothesis is a(n) ______.
  4. Factors that can be changed in an experiment are ______.
  5. The factor controlled and changed by the researcher is the ______.
  6. The factor that is measured at the outcome of the experiment is the ______.
  7. Factors that are kept the same for both groups are known as ______.
  8. The group that is the normal situation, and thus the comparison group, is the ____.
  9. The group that gets the extra variable applied to it is called the ______.
  10. Bart thinks that mice exposed to microwaves will live longer than normal. To test this, he takes 50 mice, calls them group A, and puts them in the microwave for 10 seconds. He takes another group of 50 mice, calls them group B, and sets them aside and does not put them in the microwave. He found that the average life span of the microwaved mice was 16 months and the average life span of the non-microwaved mice was 22 months.
  • What is the control group? ______
  • What is the experimental group? ______
  • What is the independent variable? ______
  • What is the dependent variable? ______
  • What is a constant? ______

Unit 2: The Chemistry of Life

  1. Macromolecules are the basic molecules of life. There are 4 basic kinds of biomolecules. They are ______, ______, ______, and ______.
  2. Large chains of individual subunits/building blocks are called ______.
  3. Each polymer is made up of individual subunits/building blocks. These are called ___.
  4. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, and O and functions in short term energy storage is ______.
  5. Note the structure of carbohydrates – they are grouped together in RINGS!!!
  6. The monomers of these are ______.
  7. An example of this biomolecule is ______.
  8. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C and H and very little O and functions in long term energy storage, membrane structure, and hormones is _____.
  9. Note the structure of lipids – they are grouped together in long chains of Cs and Hs.
  10. The monomers of these are ______and ______.
  11. An example of this biomolecule is ______.
  12. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, O, and N and functions in movement, cell defense and transport, cellular communication, and as enzymes is __.
  13. The monomers of these are ______.
  14. An example of this biomolecule is ______.
  15. The type of specialized protein that catalyzes/regulates chemical reactions is ____.
  16. Enzymes are affected by three things. They are ______, ______, and ______.
  17. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, O, and N and functions in storing genetic materials is ______.
  18. The monomers of these are ______.
  19. An example of this biomolecule is ______.
  20. A(n) ______is a specialized structure inside of a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and performs a very specialized function.
  21. The basic unit of life and organization is the ______.
  22. The three basic types of cells are ______, ______, and ______.
  23. Simple, non-living particles that require a host in order to reproduce are called ___.
  24. Bacteria belong to the cell type known as ______. These cells are simple and do not have many membrane-bound ______.
  1. Complex cells, like those found in plants and animals, have complex and specialized structures known as ______. These types of cells are known as ______.
  2. Three things found in plant cells that are absent in animal cells are ______, ______, and ______.
  1. Three things found in animal cells that is absent in plant cells are ______, ______, and ______.

Unit 3: Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport

  1. A cell’s membrane helps it to maintain ______, the process of keeping the cell’s internal environment the same.
  2. The plasma membrane is made up of 4 parts: the ______, the ______, the ______, and the ______.
  3. The job of the ______is to provide a barrier so that materials cannot freely move into the cell.
  1. The job of the ______is to transport desired materials into or out of the cell.
  1. Because the parts of the membrane are free to move the plasma membrane is best described by the ______model.
  2. The job of the ______is the help keep the plasma membrane fluid by preventing the phospholipids from sticking together.
  3. The job of the ______is the help the plasma membrane identify materials in the environment.
  4. Cells can transport materials into and out of the cells using two types of transport, ______and ______, based on whether or not any energy is used.
  5. Passive transport, which does not use energy, can be one of three types - ______, ______, and ______.
  6. The diagram below shows which passive transport process? ______
  1. The last step of the diagram above is when all of the molecules are equally spread out. This is called ______.
  2. The diffusion of water across a membrane is called ______.
  3. Which direction would water move in the diagram below? ______
  1. If you placed a cell in salt water, what would happen to the cell? ______
  2. If you placed a cell in pure water, what would happen to the cell? ______
  3. What passive transport process is shown below? ______
  1. The structure labeled A in the above diagram is ______.
  2. The structure labeled B in the above diagram is ______.
  3. The diagram above is showing which cell organelle? ______.
  4. Active transport, which does require energy, can be one of three types - ______, ______, and ______.
  5. When a cell surrounds and takes in a particle it is performing ______.
  6. When a cell expels a particle to the environment it is performing ______.
  7. The process diagrammed below is ______.
  1. The active process diagrammed below is carried out by ______, which carry molecules across the membrane.

Unit 4: Energy in a Cell

  1. The energy molecule of the cell is ______, which stands for ______.
  2. ATP stores energy when it _____ bonds and releases energy when it ______bonds.
  3. The process plants use to convert sun energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates is ______.
  4. For photosynthesis to happen, plants need ______, ______, and ______.
  5. The end products of photosynthesis are ______and ______.
  6. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is ______.
  7. The organelle where photosynthesis occurs is ______.
  1. The green pigment that absorbs the sun’s energy is ______.
  2. The light dependent reactions happen in the ______of the chloroplast.
  3. In the light dependent reactions, ______, which is absorbed through the ______pigment in the leaves, and ______combine to form the energy molecules ______and______. ______gas is released as a byproduct of this reaction.
  4. The light independent reactions happen in the ______of the chloroplast.
  5. In the light independent reactions, the energy molecules ______and ______, which were made in the light dependent reactions, are combined with ______to produce ______(FOOD).
  6. The overall process of photosynthesis has two steps, the ______reactions and the ______reactions. In the light dependent reactions, sunlight is used to make chemical energy in the form of ______and ______. In the light independent reactions, chemical energy is used to turn carbon dioxide gas into glucose (food).
  7. The plant uses sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into ______!! This is what photosynthesis is all about.
  8. The process that cells use to turn food into chemical energy (ATP) is called ______.
  9. Cellular respiration happens in the ______.
  10. Both plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration. It is the process in which ______is turned into ______.
  11. A cell needs _____ and ______for cellular respiration to occur. A cell produces ______, ______and ______as a result of cellular respiration.
  12. The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is ______.
  13. Seen below is a picture of a mitochondrion organelle. It is composed of 2 key parts. The ______, where ATP is made, and the ______where water and carbon dioxide are made.
  1. Below is a picture that compares the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The process of photosynthesis produces the ______and ______that are required for cellular respiration. The process of cellular respiration produces the ______, ______, and______required for photosynthesis. Thus, as you can see, the two process are dependent on one another.